Evaluation of child passenger safety: the effectiveness and benefits of safety seats. summary
01 Feb 1986-
About: The article was published on 1986-02-01 and is currently open access. It has received 105 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Acceptance testing.
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25 Aug 2004
TL;DR: The Principles of Readability gives a brief introduction to the literacy studies in the U.S. and the research on readability and the readability formulas.
Abstract: The Principles of Readability gives a brief introduction to the literacy studies in the U.S. and the research on readability and the readability formulas.
752 citations
Cites background from "Evaluation of child passenger safet..."
...Another study (Kahane 1986) showed that, when correctly used, child safety seats reduce the risk of fatal injury by 71 percent and hospitalization by 67 percent....
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TL;DR: Based on previous epidemiological and biomechanical evidence for child restraint system effectiveness in reducing nonfatal injury risk, efforts should continue to promote use of child restraint systems through improved laws and with education and disbursement programs.
Abstract: Objective To provide an estimate of benefit, if any, of child restraint systems over seat belts alone for children aged from 2 through 6 years. Design Cohort study. Setting A sample of children in US passenger vehicle crashes was obtained from the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration by combining cases involving a fatality from the US Department of Transportation Fatality Analysis Reporting System with a probability sample of cases without a fatality from the National Automotive Sampling System. Participants Children in two-way crashes occurring between 1998 and 2003. Main Exposure Use of child restraint systems (rear-facing and forward-facing car seats, and shield and belt-positioning booster seats) vs seat belts. Potentially confounding variables included seating position, vehicle type, model year, driver and passenger ages, and driver survival status. Main Outcomes Measure Death of child passengers from injuries incurred during the crash. Results Compared with seat belts, child restraints, when not seriously misused (eg, unattached restraint, child restraint system harness not used, 2 children restrained with 1 seat belt) were associated with a 28% reduction in risk for death (relative risk, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.54-0.97) in children aged 2 through 6 years after adjusting for seating position, vehicle type, model year, driver and passenger ages, and driver survival status. When including cases of serious misuse, the effectiveness estimate was slightly lower (21%) (relative risk, 0.79; 95% confidence interval, 0.59-1.05). Conclusion Based on these findings as well as previous epidemiological and biomechanical evidence for child restraint system effectiveness in reducing nonfatal injury risk, efforts should continue to promote use of child restraint systems through improved laws and with education and disbursement programs.
239 citations
01 Jan 1994
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the recent Australian and international literature relating to traffic law enforcement is presented, highlighting the importance of developing enforcement strategies designed to maximise deterrence whilst increasing both the perceived and actual probability of apprehension.
Abstract: A study was undertaken to review the recent Australian and international literature relating to traffic law enforcement. The specific areas examined included alcohol, speed, seat belts and signalised intersections. The review documents the types of traffic enforcement methods and the range of options available to policing authorities to increase the overall efficiency (in terms of cost and human resources) and effectiveness of enforcement operations. The review examines many of the issues related to traffic law enforcement including the deterrence mechanism, the effectiveness of legislation and the type of legal sanctions administered to traffic offenders. The need to use enforcement in conjunction with educational and environmental/engineering strategies is also stressed. The use of educational programs and measures targeted at modifying the physical and social environment is also briefly reviewed. The review highlights the importance of developing enforcement strategies designed to maximise deterrence whilst increasing both the perceived and actual probability of apprehension. The use of Random Breath Testing (RBT), automated speed and red light enforcement cameras and selective enforcement programs are highlighted. The need for publicity to support enforcement operations, police training and education programs is also documented. The review concludes with a series of recommendations regarding the most promising options available to authorities to improve the effectiveness of traffic law enforcement operations.
205 citations
TL;DR: 4 evidence-based recommendations for best practices in the choice of a child restraint system to optimize safety in passenger vehicles for children from birth through adolescence are provided and all children younger than 13 years to ride in the rear seats of vehicles are urged.
Abstract: Child passenger safety has dramatically evolved over the past decade; however, motor vehicle crashes continue to be the leading cause of death for children 4 years and older. This policy statement provides 4 evidence-based recommendations for best practices in the choice of a child restraint system to optimize safety in passenger vehicles for children from birth through adolescence: (1) rear-facing car safety seats as long as possible; (2) forward-facing car safety seats from the time they outgrow rear-facing seats for most children through at least 4 years of age; (3) belt-positioning booster seats from the time they outgrow forward-facing seats for most children through at least 8 years of age; and (4) lap and shoulder seat belts for all who have outgrown booster seats. In addition, a fifth evidence-based recommendation is for all children younger than 13 years to ride in the rear seats of vehicles. It is important to note that every transition is associated with some decrease in protection; therefore, parents should be encouraged to delay these transitions for as long as possible. These recommendations are presented in the form of an algorithm that is intended to facilitate implementation of the recommendations by pediatricians to their patients and families and should cover most situations that pediatricians will encounter in practice. The American Academy of Pediatrics urges all pediatricians to know and promote these recommendations as part of child passenger safety anticipatory guidance at every health supervision visit.
177 citations
TL;DR: As compared with seat belts, CRS are very highly effective in preventing serious injuries and hospitalization, respectively and this effectiveness estimate is substantially higher than older estimates, demonstrating the benefits of current CRS designs.
168 citations