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Journal ArticleDOI

Evaluation of fatigue criteria for asphalt binders

01 Jan 2001-Transportation Research Record (Transportation Research Board of the National Academies)-Vol. 1766, Iss: 1766, pp 48-55
TL;DR: In this paper, a time sweep using the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) has been proposed as an alternative test method for developing load-associated fatigue information for asphalt binders.
Abstract: The original SuperPave asphalt binder specification criterion for fatigue, G* sin δ, has received considerable criticism. Recently, a time sweep using the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) has been proposed as an alternative test method for developing load-associated fatigue information for asphalt binders. This proposed test method is examined with respect to a phenomenon called edge fracture. Edge fracture is reported in the literature for steady state and oscillatory flow in DSR, but it has not been reported for asphalt binders. The modulus, when plotted versus number of cycles generated in a time sweep test, has the appearance typical of fatigue behavior; however, the actual response of the material depends markedly on the initial modulus of the material. The development of the modulus with repeated shearing is described with respect to flow of the asphalt binder at its circumference. The data are examined with respect to their validity as a measure of fatigue, and recommendations with respect to the use ...
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the processes on fatigue fracture and fracture healing during controlled-strain, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) testing was investigated, where Sand asphalt samples were fabricated with two SHRP-classified binders: AAD-1 and AAM-1.
Abstract: This paper investigates the effect of the processes on fatigue fracture and fracture healing during controlled-strain, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) testing. Sand asphalt samples were fabricated with two SHRP-classified binders: AAD-1 and AAM-1. DMA testing was performed at 25°C and at 10 Hz. The mechanical response during DMA testing was monitored using three different damage indicators: (1) change in dynamic modulus; (2) change in pseudo stiffness; and (3) change in dissipated strain energy. When either of these parameters are plotted versus the number of load cycles, two inflection points are apparent that define a significant change in sample behavior due to damage. The second inflection point is a reasonable definition of failure, as it is strongly correlated with the peak of the plot of phase angle versus load repetitions. Furthermore, the phase angle drops precipitously at the second inflection point. By performing controlled-strain torsional fatigue tests at three different strain levels, each great enough to induce damage, a reproducible fatigue relationship (number of load cycles as a function of stress level) is developed. The introduction of several rest periods during testing lengthened fatigue life. Successful development of this testing method is suggested as a potential specification-type test method because of its efficiency, reproducibility, and reliability.

297 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the ratio of dissipated energy change (RDEC) approach in terms of the fatigue characteristics of bituminous binders and mastics produces a unique energy parameter, known as the Plateau Value (PV), similar to the PV previously identified for asphalt mixtures.
Abstract: The fatigue behaviour of bituminous binders and/or bitumen-filler mastics has been postulated as having a strong correlation with the fatigue behaviour of asphalt mixtures. The binder is one of the major factors controlling fatigue of the asphalt mixture and is considered as the leading media of energy dissipation. It is verified in this paper that the application of the Ratio of Dissipated Energy Change (RDEC) approach in terms of the fatigue characteristics of bituminous binders and mastics produces a unique energy parameter, known as the Plateau Value (PV), similar to the PV previously identified for asphalt mixtures. The relationship between PV and fatigue life (Nf) is found to be unique for asphalt mixtures and binders (mastics). This suggests the RDEC approach is a fundamental approach for fatigue analysis of HMA. Furthermore, the two PV-Nf curves for asphalt mixtures and binders are strongly related, which provides a new way to explain mixture fatigue behaviour from a binder's rheological ...

143 citations


Cites background or result from "Evaluation of fatigue criteria for ..."

  • ...Such finding is similar to the results reported by (Anderson et al., 2001)....

    [...]

  • ...Anderson et al. (2001) found that during DSR testing if G* is lower than a certain value, the bitumen binder would more likely fail in plastic flow instead of true fatigue failure....

    [...]

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a methodology of quantifying healing using the dissipated energy approach and the dynamic shear rheometer test with a specifically designed intermittent loading sequence is introduced, which has been successfully applied to study hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture healing.
Abstract: Asphalt mixtures have two healing mechanisms: adhesive healing at the asphalt-aggregate interface and cohesive healing within asphalt binders. This study investigates the effects of cohesive healing exclusively, without considering the interaction of aggregates. This study also introduces a methodology of quantifying healing using the dissipated energy approach and the dynamic shear rheometer test with a specifically designed intermittent loading sequence. The ratio of dissipated energy change approach, which is based on the fundamental concept of dissipated energy and has been successfully applied to study hot mix asphalt (HMA) mixture healing, is applied to the binder. By doing so, a healing rate, defined as the rate of dissipated energy recovery per unit of rest time, is used to quantify the healing potential of asphalt binders. The results indicate that binder type, strain level, and temperatures have important impact on healing. It is recommended that the research methods introduced in this study be further applied to asphalt mastics and sand asphalt mixes to study adhesive and cohesive healing in HMA mixtures and provide fatigue-healing information for pavement design.

141 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) test was conducted on several asphalt binders modified by different percentages of gilsonite and Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) polymer.

107 citations

References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Ronald G. Larson1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the latest developments as well as earlier work in this area, organized into the following categories: Taylor-Couette flows, instabilities in cone and plate-and-plate flows, parallel shear flows, extrudate distortions and fracture, Instabilities in shear flow with interfaces, extensional flows, and thermohydrodynamic instabilities.
Abstract: Viscoelastic instabilities are of practical importance, and are the subject of growing interest. Reviewed here are the fresh developments as well as earlier work in this area, organized into the following categories: instabilities in Taylor-Couette flows, instabilities in cone-and-plate and plate-and-plate flows, instabilities in parallel shear flows, extrudate distortions and fracture, instabilities in shear flows with interfaces, instabilities in extensional flows, instabilities in multidimensional flows, and thermohydrodynamic instabilities. Emphasized in the review are comparisons between theory and experiment and suggested directions for future work.

883 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a method is presented for examining dissipated energy to select a consistent level of material behavior that is indicative of the damage accumulation in the mixture, showing the similarity between the constant stress and constant strain modes of testing and providing the potential for unifying the now phenomenological description of fatigue.
Abstract: Determination of the failure limit in a repeated-load fatigue test in the laboratory has relied entirely on the arbitrary selection of a fixed criterion. The constant strain and constant stress modes of fatigue loading have been described by a consistent definition of failure in flexural fatigue testing because of the distinctly different application of energy during the loading history. The most widely accepted definition is a decrease in initial stiffness by 50 percent. Procedures examining energy input and dissipated energy have required different schemes for each mode in an attempt to describe similar states of damage in the mixture. A proposed method is presented for examining dissipated energy to select a consistent level of material behavior that is indicative of the damage accumulation in the mixture. This procedure shows the similarity between the constant stress and constant strain modes of testing and is shown to provide the potential for unifying the now phenomenological description of fatigue...

251 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a study of the theoretical, experimental and computational aspects of edge fracture in second-order liquids is undertaken, which is approximately extended to cover the Criminale-Ericksen-Filbey (CEF) model.
Abstract: Edge fracture is an instability of cone-plate and parallel plate flows of viscoelastic liquids and suspensions, characterised by the formation of a `crack' or indentation at a critical shear rate on the free surface of the liquid. A study is undertaken of the theoretical, experimental and computational aspects of edge fracture. The Tanner-Keentok theory of edge fracture in second-order liquids is re-examined and is approximately extended to cover the Criminale-Ericksen-Filbey (CEF) model. The second-order theory shows that the stress distribution on the semi-circular crack is not constant, requiring an average to be taken of the stress; this affects the proportionality constant, K in the edge fracture equation −N 2c = KΓ/a, where N 2c is the critical second normal stress difference, Γ is the surface tension coefficient and a is the fracture diameter. When the minimum stress is used, K = 2/3 as found by Tanner and Keentok (1983). Consideration is given to the sources of experimental error, including secondary flow and slip (wall effect). The effect of inertia on edge fracture is derived. A video camera was used to record the inception and development of edge fracture in four viscoelastic liquids and two suspensions. The recorded image was then measured to obtain the fracture diameter. The edge fracture phenomenon was examined to find its dependence on the physical dimensions of the flow (i.e. parallel plate gap or cone angle), on the surface tension coefficient, on the critical shear rate and on the critical second normal stress difference. The critical second normal stress difference was found to depend on the surface tension coefficient and the fracture diameter, as shown by the theory of Tanner and Keentok (1983); however, the experimental data were best fitted by the equation −N 2c = 1.095Γ/a. It was found that edge fracture in viscoelastic liquids depends on the Reynolds number, which is in good agreement with the inertial theory of edge fracture. Edge fracture in lubricating grease and toothpaste is broadly consistent with the CEF model of edge fracture. A finite volume method program was used to simulate the flow of a viscoelastic liquid, obeying the modified Phan-Thien-Tanner model, to obtain the velocity and stress distribution in parallel plate flow in three dimensions. Stress concentrations of the second normal stress difference (N 2) were found in the plane of the crack; the velocity distribution shows a secondary flow tending to aid crack formation if N 2 is negative, and a secondary flow tending to suppress crack formation if N 2 is positive.

95 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, it was determined that the active nature of the transducer, which leads to excellent zero stability, causes thermal heating and consequent expansion of the system, and that the transducers length changes are the cause of the normal force anomalies.
Abstract: Torque and normal force measurements in torsional experiments provide a powerful technique for the efficient measurement of material properties. Over the past several decades NIST has been active in pioneering the use of such measurements for the characterization of polymer material behaviors, particularly in transient experiments. In a recent series of tests using a force rebalance transducer, anomalies in normal force measurements were observed. It was determined that the active nature of the transducer, which leads to excellent zero stability, causes thermal heating and consequent expansion of the system. The transducer length changes are shown to be the cause of the normal force anomalies and, in collaboration with the equipment manufacturer, suggestions for working around the problem and potential transducer redesign are discussed.

15 citations