Journal Article•
Evaluation of larvicidal activity of the essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides L. aerial parts and its major constituents against Aedes albopictus
01 Aug 2014-Journal of entomology and zoology studies (AkiNik Publications)-Vol. 2, Iss: 4, pp 345-350
TL;DR: The present findings indicated that the essential oil of A. conyzoides aerial parts and two major constituents have potential for use in control of Ae.
Abstract: During our mass screening program for new agrochemicals from the wild plants and Chinese medicinal herbs, essential oil of Ageratum conyzoides L. (Compositae)aerial parts at flowering stage exhibited strong larvicidal activity against the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. Essential oil of A. conyzoides aerial parts was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC and GC-MS. A total of 32 components of the essential oil were identified and the principal compounds in the essential oil were precocene II (45.75%), precocene I (14.09%), and caryophyllene (12.13%) followed by germacrene D (4.18%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.06%). The essential oil had higher content (59.84%) of phenylpropanoids than monoterpenoids (3.70%) and sesquiternoids (33.01%). The essential oil of A. conyzoides aerial parts exhibited larvicidal activity against Ae. albopictus with an LC50 value of 61.22 μg/ml while the two major constituents, precocene I and precocene II had LC50 values of 43.55 μg/ml and 41.63 μg/ml, respectively. The present findings indicated that the essential oil of A. conyzoides aerial parts and two major constituents have potential for use in control of Ae. albopictus larvae and could be useful in search of newer, safer and more effective natural compounds as larvicides.
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TL;DR: The oviposition deterrent potential of the G. parviflora EO and (Z)-γ-bisabolene was studied on six mosquito vectors, showing that 25 μg/ml of (Z), led to an Oviposition Activity Index lower of − 0.79 in all tested mosquito vectors.
Abstract: The eco-friendly management of mosquitoes with novel and effective larvicides and oviposition deterrents is a crucial challenge to prevent outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases. However, most of the herbal formulations tested in these years showed LC50 values higher of 40 ppm, and significant oviposition deterrent activity only when tested at relatively higher doses (> 50 μg/ml). Herein, we studied the chemical composition of the Galinsoga parviflora essential oil (EO). This plant is an annual herb native to South America naturalized all over the world. We tested the EO larvicidal and oviposition deterrent action on 6 mosquito species. Totally 37 compounds were identified in the EO of G. parviflora by GC and GC-MS analyses. The major constituent was (Z)-γ-bisabolene (38.9%). The G. parviflora EO and (Z)-γ-bisabolene showed acute toxicity on An. stephensi (LC50 = 31.04 and 2.04 μg/ml, respectively), Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 34.22 and 2.26 μg/ml, respectively), Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 37.10 and 2.47 μg/ml, respectively), An. subpictus (LC50 = 40.97 and 4.09 μg/ml, respectively), Ae. albopictus (LC50 = 45.55 and 4.50 μg/ml, respectively) and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (LC50 = 49.56 and 4.87 μg/ml, respectively) larvae. Furthermore, the oviposition deterrent potential of the G. parviflora EO and (Z)-γ-bisabolene was studied on six mosquito vectors, showing that 25 μg/ml of (Z)-γ-bisabolene led to an Oviposition Activity Index lower of − 0.79 in all tested mosquito vectors. Overall, all larvicidal LC50 values estimated for (Z)-γ-bisabolene were lower than 5 μg/ml. This result far encompasses current evidences of toxicity reported for the large majority of botanical products currently tested against mosquito young instars, allowing us to propose this compound as an highly effective mosquito larvicide and oviposition deterrent.
26 citations
TL;DR: An updated overview of different categories of compounds possessing anti-JH activity and their effects on survival, growth, development, metamorphosis, and reproduction of several insects of different orders is presented.
Abstract: To overcome those problems caused by repeated and indiscriminate uses of conventional insecticides, it is necessary to seek environmentally safe and low-cost alternatives for pest control. Among the effective alternatives are anti-JH compounds. The present articlewas prepared aiming to present an updated overview of different categories of compounds possessing anti-JH activity and their effects on survival, growth, development, metamorphosis, and reproduction of several insects of different orders. This article focused, also, on the effects of these compounds of other physiological processes in insects, such as polyphenism, behavior, diapause, metabolism, enzymatic activities, chemoreceptors and pheromone production, as well as their antifeedant effects against some insect pests. Compounds with anti-JH activity are considered as new representatives of IGRs lacking some disadvantages of juvenoid-type chemicals. In this review we described some advantageous uses of some anti-JH compounds, imidazoles in particular, in the sericulture and silk research fields. In addition, it shed some light on the action mechanisms of anti-JH agents and described the fate of them in the insect body. It is obvious from the present review that the practical use of anti-JH compounds in the pest management has been challenged by some limitations and restrictions. These compounds should be assessed against different insect pests under field conditions. However, these anti-JH agents can be considered as new leads for devising fourth generation insecticides. On the other hand, some of the anti-JH analogues of imidazoles have been successfully used in the practical production of natural silkin the world.
21 citations
Cites background from "Evaluation of larvicidal activity o..."
...After treatment of 4 th instar larvae of A. albopictus with PI and PII, LC50 values were estimated in 41.63 μg/ml and 43.55 μg/ml, respectively (Liu and Liu, 2014)....
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...PII exhibited larvicidal activity against the 4 th instar larvae of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera)(Liu and Liu, 2014)....
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TL;DR: Ageratum conyzoides L., belonging to the family Asteraceae, is a tropical plant found in some regions of Africa, Asia and South America and has a large variety of secondary metabolites and biological activities mentioned in the literature.
Abstract: Ageratum conyzoides L., belonging to the family Asteraceae, is a tropical plant found in some regions of Africa, Asia and South America. This species is popularly known as billy goat weed, “mentrasto” and “catinga-de-bode” and has a large variety of secondary metabolites and biological activities mentioned in the literature. The objective of this work was to contribute the pharmacobotanical standardization of A. conyzoides. Cross-sections were obtained, by hand, for microscopic characterization of root, stem, petiole and leaf blade; to the leaf blade were still made paradermal and longitudinal sections, scanning electron microscopy analysis and maceration. The analysis showed that secretory structures ducts are evidenced only in the petiole and the leaf blade. The root has parenchymatous medullar region; stem, petiole and leaf blade exhibit striated cuticle. Non-glandular trichomes are present in stem, petiole and leaf blade, while capitate glandular trichomes are present only in the leaf blade and are restricted to the abaxial face. These anatomical features are useful for diagnosis of the species and provide support to their quality control.
19 citations
Cites background from "Evaluation of larvicidal activity o..."
...…and “catinga-de-bode” (Cruz, 1995; Asicumpon, 2005; atos, 2007), is widely used in traditional medicine in several ountries around the world as a purgative, febrifuge, antinflammatory, analgesic, anesthetic and in treatment of ulcers Lorenzi and Matos, 2002; Okunade, 2002; Leitão et al., 2014)....
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TL;DR: The extract displayed considerable larvicidal activity and inhibited emergence of adult mosquitoes relative to experimental controls, a phenomenon probably associated with induced developmental hormone imbalance.
Abstract: Vector control remains the mainstay to effective malaria management. The negative implications following persistent application of synthetic insecticides geared towards regulation of mosquito populations have necessitated prospection for ecofriendly effective chemistries. Plant-derived compounds have the potential to control malaria-transmitting mosquito populations. Previously, Agerantum conyzoides extracts have demonstrated toxicity effects on disease-transmitting mosquitoes. However, their efficacy in controlling Afrotropical malaria vectors remains unclear. Herein, the toxicity and growth disruption activities of crude methanolic leaf extract of A. conyzoides on Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto and An. arabiensis larvae were assessed. Late third (L3) instars of An. gambiae s.s and An. arabiensis larvae were challenged with increasing doses of crude methanolic extract of A. conyzoides. The larval mortality rates were recorded every 24 h and the LC50 values determined at their associated 95% confidence levels. ANOVA followed by Post-hoc Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK) test was used to compare results between treatment and control groups. Phytochemical profiling of the extract was performed using standard chemical procedures. Treatment of larvae with the methanolic extract depicted dose-dependent effects with highest mortality percentages of ≥ 69% observed when exposed with 250 ppm and 500 ppm for 48 h while growth disruption effects were induced by sublethal doses of between 50–100 ppm for both species. Relative to experimental controls, the extract significantly reduced larval survival in both mosquito species (ANOVA, F(8,126) = 43.16776, P < 0.001). The LC50 values of the extract against An. gambiae s.s ranged between 84.71–232.70 ppm (95% CI 81.17–239.20), while against An. arabiensis the values ranged between 133.46–406.35 ppm (95% CI 131.51–411.25). The development of the juvenile stages was arrested at pupal-larval intermediates and adult emergence. The presence of alkaloids, aglycone flavonoids, triterpenoids, tannins and coumarins can partly be associated with the observed effects. The extract displayed considerable larvicidal activity and inhibited emergence of adult mosquitoes relative to experimental controls, a phenomenon probably associated with induced developmental hormone imbalance. Optimization of the bioactive compounds could open pathways into vector control programmes for improved mosquito control and reduced malaria transmission rates.
16 citations
Cites background from "Evaluation of larvicidal activity o..."
...Of considerable interest, the plant extracts have shown detrimental effects on survival, development and adult emergence of mosquitoes such as Aedes albopictus [36], Culex quinquefasciatus [37], Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi [38] which has been attributed to possibility of compounds with anti-juvenile hormone activity....
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TL;DR: The findings indicate that the essential oil of S. plebeian aerial parts has potentials for use in the control of A. aegypti larvae and may be useful in the search for newer, safer and more effective natural compounds as larvicides.
Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the larvicidal activity of the essential oil of Salvia plebeian R.Br. (Labiatae) aerial parts against the larvae of Aedes aegypti L . Methods : The essential oil of S. plebeian aerial parts was obtained by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The essential oil was evaluated for larvicidal activity using World Health Organization (WHO) procedures, against the fourth larvae of A. aegypti within 24 h, and activity was recorded for various concentrations of the ranging from 12.5 – 200.0 μg/mL. Results : A total of 33 components of the essential oil of S. plebeian were identified. The major compounds of the essential oil were caryophyllene oxide (15.54 %), γ-eudesmol (14.03 %), τ-cadinol (10.21 %), calamenene (9.63 %), copaene (5.70 %), γ-cadinene (5.30 %), cadalene (5.28 %), α- muurolene (5.19 %), ledol (5.14 %) and α-cadinol (5.08 %). The essential oil exhibited larvicidal activity against A. aegypti at a median lethal concentration (LC50) of 46.26 μg/mL. Conclusion : The findings indicate that the essential oil of S. plebeian aerial parts has potentials for use in the control of A. aegypti larvae and may be useful in the search for newer, safer and more effective natural compounds as larvicides. Keywords : Salvia plebeian, Essential oil, Larvicidal activity, Aedes aegypti, Caryophyllene oxide, γ- Eudesmol, τ-Cadinol, Calamenene
9 citations
Cites background from "Evaluation of larvicidal activity o..."
...Many essential oils and their constituents can exert toxic activity against mosquito species [3-10]....
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References
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Book•
01 Dec 2001TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that a compound is identified by a chromatographic peak that has a retention-time in the range of 5589 to 562 min-time.
Abstract: In the Preface to Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy [sic], Robert P. Adams, the author, states that he began research on essential oils in 1966. This may account for the reason that he persistently uses the term mass spectroscopy rather than mass spectrometry (Robert, there are no light bulbs inside those mass spectrometers). Again, as was the case with the second edition, there is no indication that this is a third edition; but, as in the second edition, the author clearly acknowledges this fact in the Preface. This edition has spectra for 1606 compounds. Adams takes some liberty in saying that this is 400 more than the previous edition, which actually had spectra for 1252 compounds. Because the spectra were acquired on an HP 5970 Mass Selective Detector (spectra in the previous editions were acquired using a Finnigan ITD800 internal ionization quadrupole ion trap instrument), the display format of the spectra corresponds to that of the Agilent (formerly Hewlett-Packard) ChemStation mass spectral display rather than the Finnigan ITD-800 (now Thermo Electron). The ChemStation has the ordinate of the spectrum labeled in ion abundance rather than percent abundance or relative percent intensity. One of the curiosities of these spectra is that all exhibit exactly the same maximum abundance. As with the previous edition, each spectrum has a structure showing chirality were appropriate, retention time on a DB-5 column, and Kovat’s index. Details are provided about the GC column and the operating conditions of the GC as well as the sample injected into the GC (volume, split ratio, and the internal standard used for retention time). The only important parameter missing from the operation of the mass spectrometer is the rate at which the data are acquired (the number of spectra per second). Another important factor would be the identification of the ChemStation version used. ChemStation has two very different versions of Autotune, and the only way to distinguish between which version was used is by the ChemStation version number. Adams states that data were acquired after using the instrument’s “Autotune” to set the operating conditions. As was criticized in the review of the second edition, this book has some significant shortcomings in the brief text portion. They go beyond the criticism of calling a mass spectral peak an ion. In the discussion of whether or not mass spectra acquired with a quadrupole ion trap (QIT) and a transmission quadrupole are comparable, the author displays what he says are spectra of 3-methyl4-heptone obtained on both instruments. The spectrum displayed that was reported to have been obtained on the transmission quadrupole is not that of 3-methyl-4heptone but that of 2-methyl-4-heptone. The telltale peak at m/z 58, which is 30% of the intensity of the peak at m/z 57 (the base peak), is the giveaway. This m/z 58 peak is obviously missing in the spectrum obtained with the QIT and is also missing from a spectrum for 3-methyl-4-heptone obtained on a transmission quadrupole that appeared in the second edition. Another area exhibiting a limited understanding of electron ionization mass spectrometry is the comparison of spectra of tricyclene. The author points to the fact that the peak at m/z 77 is 102% of the intensity of the peak at m/z 79 in the spectrum obtained with the QIT, whereas the peak at m/z 77 is 98% of the peak at m/z 79 in the spectrum obtained with the transmission quadrupole. These relative intensity differences are insignificant, especially when the intensity of the peak at m/z 77 relative to the intensity of the base peak is about the same in both spectra ( 40%). More effort could have been put into the proofing of these few pages of text. It is stated that a compound is represented by a chromatographic peak that has a retention-time range of 5.589 to 5.67. Then, in an attempt to show how the recorded retention time is determined using the equation “5.89 min 0.03 min 5.62 min” is presented, it is obvious the “5.89” in the equation should have been “5.589”, but this should have been caught in the proofing stage. The references to journal articles would be more valuable if they included titles, which is now the requirement for the Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry. This is especially true for the M. P. Clay reference that cites an unnamed article that appeared in Mass Spec Source, an obscure organ published by Scientific Instrument Services in Ringoes, NJ (http://www.sisweb.com). As was the case with the second edition, the “Appendices” consist of an alphabetical listing of compounds (mostly common names) with their retention times and Kovat’s index on a DB-5 capillary GC column Published online September 28, 2005
3,228 citations
"Evaluation of larvicidal activity o..." refers methods in this paper
...Further identification was made by comparison of their mass spectra with those stored in NIST 05 and Wiley 275 libraries or with mass spectra from literature [44]....
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TL;DR: In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
Abstract: Botanical insecticides have long been touted as attractive alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for pest management because botanicals reputedly pose little threat to the environment or to human health. The body of scientific literature documenting bioactivity of plant derivatives to arthropod pests continues to expand, yet only a handful of botanicals are currently used in agriculture in the industrialized world, and there are few prospects for commercial development of new botanical products. Pyrethrum and neem are well established commercially, pesticides based on plant essential oils have recently entered the marketplace, and the use of rotenone appears to be waning. A number of plant substances have been considered for use as insect antifeedants or repellents, but apart from some natural mosquito repellents, little commercial success has ensued for plant substances that modify arthropod behavior. Several factors appear to limit the success of botanicals, most notably regulatory barriers and the availability of competing products (newer synthetics, fermentation products, microbials) that are cost-effective and relatively safe compared with their predecessors. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical insecticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and postharvest protection of food in developing countries.
2,996 citations
"Evaluation of larvicidal activity o..." refers background in this paper
...However, heavy and wide use of these synthetic insecticides has caused several environmental and health concerns [37]....
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TL;DR: In recent years, the use of essential oils (EOs) derived from aromatic plants as low-risk insecticides has increased considerably owing to their popularity with organic growers and environmentally conscious consumers.
Abstract: In recent years, the use of essential oils (EOs) derived from aromatic plants as low-risk insecticides has increased considerably owing to their popularity with organic growers and environmentally conscious consumers. EOs are easily produced by steam distillation of plant material and contain many volatile, low-molecular-weight terpenes and phenolics. The major plant families from which EOs are extracted include Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Lamiaceae, and Asteraceae. EOs have repellent, insecticidal, and growth-reducing effects on a variety of insects. They have been used effectively to control preharvest and postharvest phytophagous insects and as insect repellents for biting flies and for home and garden insects. The compounds exert their activities on insects through neurotoxic effects involving several mechanisms, notably through GABA, octopamine synapses, and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. With a few exceptions, their mammalian toxicity is low and environmental persistence is short. Registration has been the main bottleneck in putting new products on the market, but more EOs have been approved for use in the United States than elsewhere owing to reduced-risk processes for these materials.
859 citations
"Evaluation of larvicidal activity o..." refers background in this paper
...From this point of view, botanical pesticides, including essential oils, are promising since they are effective, environmental friendly, easily biodegradable, and often inexpensive [38]....
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TL;DR: To the knowledge, this is the first discovery of anti-JH, and it is hoped it will guide the way to the emergence of a fourth generation of safe and insect-specific pesticides.
Abstract: Two simple chromenes with anti-JH activity have been isolated and identified from the bedding plant Ageratum houstoianum. By contact and fumigation these compounds induce precocious metamorphosis and sterilization in several hemipteran species of insects. Certain holometabolous species are sterilized, forced into diapause, or both. Each of these biological actions is equivalent to removal of the corpora allata, which produce the JH's, and is reversible by treatment with exogenous JH. Thus, the action of these compounds is to stop the production or depress the titer of the JH's. To our knowledge, this is the first discovery of anti-JH, and we hope it will guide the way to the emergence of a fourth generation of safe and insect-specific pesticides.
612 citations
"Evaluation of larvicidal activity o..." refers background in this paper
...Consequently, this inhibition can disturb the embryonic development, induce premature metamorphosis, decrease the reproductive potential, and affect the insect behavior including the antifeedant and repellent effect [53-56]....
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TL;DR: A probit analysis method is presented for the analysis of preference data from a behavioural assay of animals, where responses were observed as animals' cheice between the treatment and control sides or areas, and a preferable experimental design was formulated.
Abstract: A probit analysis method is presented for the analysis of preference data from a behavioural assay of animals, where responses were observed as animals' cheice between the treatment and control sides or areas. Standard probit models designed for alt or nothing phenomena are not applicable topreflerence assays, because a leg dose metameter only indirectly correlates with the choice. The present method enabled analysis by regressing the probit transformation of the proportion of net responders, expressed in a preference model equation, on a log dose metameter. The computer program includes the maximization routine of the log-likelihood function, a test of homogeneity and a calculation of potency with fiducial limits. After the explanation of the basic model, as well as generalized regression models including the parameters of natural preference and immunity, a computer output demonstrated the analysis of an olfactometer assay on two cockroach attractants by reporting statistics. By comparing differently generalized models for fitness to the data, a preferable experimental design was formulated.
547 citations
"Evaluation of larvicidal activity o..." refers background in this paper
...3 to determine LC50 values and their 95% confidence intervals [47]....
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