Evaluation of poultry by-product meal in commercial diets for juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum)
TL;DR: Good quality terrestrial PBM can successfully replace fish meal in the commercial diets for cobia, and the optimal level of fish meal replacement with PBM was determined by quadratic regression analysis to be 30.75% on the basis of maximum protein efficiency ratio.
About: This article is published in Aquaculture.The article was published on 2011-12-21. It has received 82 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Fish meal & Soybean meal.
Citations
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TL;DR: This review attempts to explain why the fishmeal usage in Chinese aquaculture has not increased proportionately with the increasing aquafeed production in China from several angles.
Abstract: China has dominated global aquaculture production for more than two decades. Aquaculture production in China increased from 24.6 million metric tons (mmt) in 2000 to 47.5 mmt in 2014, an increment of 93.1%. Along with the fast-growing aquaculture industry, aquafeed production in China increased from 5.1 mmt in 2000 to 19.0 mmt in 2014, an increment of 272.5%. However, despite the rapid increase in aquafeed production, the fishmeal usage in aquafeeds in China has remained stable over the years. Fishmeal imports into China remained relatively steady at 1.0–1.5 mmt per annum from 2000 to 2014. An often unacknowledged fact is that China contributes more than 60% to the world aquaculture production at a cost of only 25–30% of the world fishmeal output. This review attempts to explain why the fishmeal usage has not increased proportionately with the increasing aquafeed production in China from several angles: (i) the current status of fishmeal usage in Chinese aquaculture; (ii) the relationship between the decreasing dietary inclusions of fishmeal and improved feed techniques, especially the use of alternative protein sources for fishmeal; (iii) the dominance of Chinese aquaculture by low trophic level species of plants, filter feeders, herbivores and omnivores and consequent low demands for fishmeal; and (iv) the increasing price of fishmeal and the management of exploitation of wild fisheries in the main fishmeal exporting countries to China. The trends and prospects of fishmeal usage in the future in Chinese aquaculture and the associated consequences are also addressed. Like other countries, China is now actively developing both resource conservation-based capture fisheries and environment-friendly freshwater and marine aquaculture systems. Aquaculture will be the main source of aquatic food in the future and will also indirectly contribute to save the world wild fisheries, and China will be main player that will continue to contribute towards this end.
100 citations
01 Jan 2018
TL;DR: This chapter aims at critically reviewing recent studies about the effects of the inclusion of new protein sources as insect, poultry by-products, meat and bone meals and other protein sources alternative to fishmeal in aquafeeds, in terms of growth, nutrient digestibility, fillet quality traits and sensorial perception in the most important farmed marine and freshwater fish species.
Abstract: Aquaculture currently accounts for approximately 50% of fish consumed by humans. The future development of aquaculture will be greatly constrained by the increasing costs of fishmeal and fish oil. To remedy this situation, scientific research and feed manufacturers have made a significant progress by looking for alternative protein sources for use in fish diets in order to develop feeds that provide adequate nutrition for animals’ growth, while reducing to minimum the use of traditional sources of protein. This chapter aims at critically reviewing recent studies, carried out worldwide, about the effects of the inclusion of new protein sources as insect, poultry by-products, meat and bone meals and other protein sources alternative to fishmeal in aquafeeds. In particular, the impacts of these protein sources in terms of growth, nutrient digestibility, fillet quality traits and sensorial perception in the most important farmed marine and freshwater fish species are evaluated.
98 citations
TL;DR: Animal by-product meals, as replacements to FM, gave good results in terms of growth performances and did not induce significant changes in gut microbial richness, thus proving to be a suitable protein source for use in rainbow trout aqua feed.
Abstract: Animal by-product meals from the rendering industry could provide a sustainable and commercially viable alternative to fishmeal (FM) in aquaculture, as they are rich in most essential amino acids and contain important amounts of water-soluble proteins that improve feed digestibility and palatability. Among them, poultry by-product meal (PBM) have given encouraging results in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). However, the introduction of new ingredients in the diet needs to be carefully evaluated since diet is one of the main factors affecting the gut microbiota, which is a complex community that contributes to host metabolism, nutrition, growth, and disease resistance. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of partial replacement of dietary FM with a mix of animal by-product meals and plant proteins on intestinal microbiota composition of rainbow trout in relation to growth and feeding efficiency parameters. We used 1540 trout with an initial mean body weight of 94.6 ± 14.2 g. Fish were fed for 12 weeks with 7 different feed formulations. The growth data showed that trout fed on diets rich in animal by-product meals grew as well as fish fed on control diet, which was rich in FM (37.3%) and PBM-free. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (MiSeq platform, Illumina) was utilised to study the gut microbial community profile. After discarding Cyanobacteria (class Chloroplast) and mitochondria reads a total of 2,701,274 of reads taxonomically classified, corresponding to a mean of 96,474 ± 68,056 reads per sample, were obtained. Five thousand three hundred ninety-nine operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, which predominantly mapped to the phyla of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. The ratio between vegetable and animal proteins proved to play a central role in determining microbiome profiles and Firmicutes and Proteobacteria phyla were particularly discriminatory for diet type in trout. Plant ingredients favoured a higher Firmicutes:Proteobacteria ratio than animal proteins. Acceptable abundance of Firmicutes was guaranteed by including at least 25% of vegetable proteins in the diet regardless of animal protein source and percentage. In summary animal by-product meals, as replacements to FM, gave good results in terms of growth performances and did not induce significant changes in gut microbial richness, thus proving to be a suitable protein source for use in rainbow trout aqua feed.
97 citations
TL;DR: A meta-analysis approach was utilized to summarize the efficacy and success of PBM inclusion in aquaculture diet formulations substituting FM, and low between-study variation was observed in crustaceans indicating consistent success in PBM-supplemented diets for shrimp compared with fish.
Abstract: Poultry by-product meal (PBM) is a popular animal-based protein source tested in aquaculture feed formulations for replacing fishmeal (FM), mainly due to its high protein content, relatively cheap price and broad availability. However, due to the well-documented variability in success of PBM inclusions, a meta-analysis approach was utilized to summarize the efficacy and success of PBM inclusion in aquaculture diet formulations substituting FM. Hedges’g effect sizes were calculated by quantitatively comparing final weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between animals fed control (100% FM) and PBM-supplemented FM diets using data from 47 published articles targeting 33 different species (141 and 96 effect size calculations for final weight and FCR, respectively). In addition, several analyses were performed to determine the effect of different moderators as well as variation across species. Meta-regression was conducted to evaluate the effect of varying PBM proportions of the diet on the response variables. Overall, a non-significant final weight but a significant higher FCR was detected with aquaculture species fed PBM diets. Similar trends in final weight were observed for subgroups. However, FCR for crustaceans and marine fish fed PBM diets was not significantly different than those fed control diets. In both freshwater and marine fish, ‘species’ was a significant moderator effect on responses, while the ‘level of FM replacement’ was significant only in marine fish. Higher between-study heterogeneity was detected for fish, which may be due to the influence of certain factors, such as variability in nutritional quality and palatability and digestibility of PBM or due to variability on the fish meal used. In contrast, low between-study variation was observed in crustaceans indicating consistent success in PBM-supplemented diets for shrimp compared with fish.
72 citations
TL;DR: It was showed that supplementing exogenous protease to pelleted diet containing 30 g/kg fish meal, but not to the extruded diet, could improve the growth, apparent digestibilities of dry matter and crude protein, and retention of protein and lipid for gibel carp.
66 citations
References
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Book•
31 Dec 1988
TL;DR: Nutrition and feeding of fish, Nutrition and Feeding of fish , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و £1,000,000 ¬2,000 (£1,500,000) per year is recommended for the survival of fish in captivity.
Abstract: 1 The Concept of Feeding Fish.- Evolution of Aquaculture.- Necessity of Feeding Fish.- Comparison of Feeding Fish and Land Animals.- Fish Versus Farm Animals as Animal Protein in Human Diets.- Levels of Fish Culture.- 2 The Nutrients.- Energy Requirements and Sources.- Proteins and Amino Acids.- Vitamins.- Essential Lipids.- Minerals.- 3 Digestion and Metabolism.- Digestion.- Measuring Nutrient Digestibility in Fish.- Metabolism.- Rate of Metabolism (Oxygen Consumption) in Fish.- 4 Nonnutrient Diet Components.- Toxins and Antimetabolites.- Diet Additives.- Accidental Contaminants.- 5 Feed Formulation and Processing.- Formulating Fish Feeds.- Practical Feed Ingredients.- Processing Fish Feeds.- 6 Fish Feeding Experiments.- Controlled Environment Studies.- Practical Environment Studies.- 7 Practical Feeding - Channel Catfish.- Feeding Practices.- Nutritional Requirements of Channel Catfish.- Importance of Natural Foods in Catfish Ponds.- Effect of Fish Size on Feeding Responses.- Compensatory Growth in Channel Catfish.- Effects of Feed on Sensory Qualities of Processed Catfish.- Feeding Brood Fish.- 8 Practical Feeding-Tilapias.- Culture Practices.- Nutrient Requirements.- Feeds and Feeding.- 9 Practical Feeding-Salmon and Trout.- Types of Salmonid Culture.- Production of Seedstock.- General Culture Methods.- Nutrient Requirements.- Feed Formulation.- Feeding Practices.- 10 Practical Feeding-Penaeid Shrimps.- Culture Practices.- Nutrient Requirements.- Feeds and Feeding.- Practical Feeds.- 11 Practical Feeding-Eels.- Culture Methods.- Nutritional Requirements.- Feed Preparation.- Feeding Practices.- Daily Feeding Rate.- Research Needs.- 12 Practical Feeding-Crawfish.- Culture.- Feeding Behavior.- Providing Natural Foods for Crawfish.- Supplemental Feeding.- Nutrient Requirements.- Appendix A Composition of Feed Ingredients.- Appendix B Common and Scientific Names of Species.
1,011 citations
TL;DR: The apparent digestibility of 20 rendered animal protein ingredients from various origins was determined in three digestibility trials and Spray-dried blood products (whole blood, blood cells, blood plasma) were highly digestible (ADC protein=96-99%).
476 citations
TL;DR: Based on data obtained, the possibility of partial replacement of brown fish meals by vegetable proteins up to 66% without negative effects was well demonstrated and further work is necessary in order to understand the factors governing or affecting feed intake in trout fed a fish-meal-free diet.
379 citations
TL;DR: High dietary lipid levels above 15% produced little practical benefit because of higher fat accretion in cobia, and the 25% group had the highest values.
301 citations