Evaluation of the potential of 10 microalgal strains for biodiesel production.
TL;DR: In this study, the potential of 10 algae species for biodiesel production were evaluated by determining their fatty acid profiles, biodiesel properties Besides growth rate, biomass concentration and lipid productivity, the best strain was P. tricornutum.
About: This article is published in Bioresource Technology.The article was published on 2013-08-01. It has received 239 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Biodiesel production & Biodiesel.
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TL;DR: A techno-economic analysis of microalgae production was conducted, showing that biological productivity, geographical locations and production technology are important factors to lower production cost, and suggesting that focused research efforts can contribute to achieve economically sustainable production of micro algae rich in EPA and DHA for use in aquafeed in the near future.
238 citations
Cites background from "Evaluation of the potential of 10 m..."
...A rapidly growing body of literature on microalgae and lipid production potential is available (Benavides et al., 2013; Lim et al., 2012; Muhlroth et al., 2013; Song et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2013)....
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TL;DR: In this review, the latest trends in microalgal lipid enhancement strategies, possible solutions and future directions are critically discussed.
Abstract: In order to realize the potential of microalgal biodiesel there is a need for substantial impetus involving interventions to radically improve lipid yields upstream. Nutrient stress and alteration to cultivation conditions are commonly used lipid enhancement strategies in microalgae. The main bottleneck of applying conventional strategies is their scalability as some of these strategies incur additional cost and energy. Novel lipid enhancement strategies have emerged to research forefront to overcome these challenges. In this review, the latest trends in microalgal lipid enhancement strategies, possible solutions and future directions are critically discussed. Advanced strategies such as combined nutrient and cultivation condition stress, microalgae–bacteria interactions, use of phytohormones EDTA and chemical additives, improving light conditions using LED, dyes and paints, and gene expression analysis are described. Molecular approaches such as metabolic and genetic engineering are emerging as the potential lipid enhancing strategies. Recent advancements in gene expression studies, genetic and metabolic engineering have shown promising results in enhancing lipid productivity in microalgae; however environmental risk and long term viability are still major challenges.
222 citations
Cites background from "Evaluation of the potential of 10 m..."
...[157] investigated 10 microalgal strains for their fatty acid composition and biodiesel properties....
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TL;DR: A comprehensive review on various methods of both biomass harvesting and lipid extraction from microalgae available, so far, besides to discuss their advantages and disadvantages is provided in this paper, which also deals with various conditions that are favorable for lipid accumulation as well as the yield from different species.
Abstract: The concern regarding alternate sources of energy is mounting day-by-day due to the effect of pollution that is damaging the environment. Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms have an efficiency and ability in mitigating carbon dioxide emissions and produce oil with a high productivity which has a lot of potential applications in producing biofuel, otherwise known as the third-generation biofuel. These third generation biofuels are the best alternative to the present situation since they have the perspective to eliminate most of the ecological problems created by the use of conventional fossil fuels. These organisms are responsible for closely 50% of the photosynthesis process taking place on the planet and are distributed predominantly in many of the aquatic systems. The huge interest in utilizing these organisms as a potential source of energy lies in converting the primary as well as secondary metabolites into useful products. Algae are considered to be the most prominent resource for the upcoming generations as the most suitable and sustainable feedstock. The key process limitations in microalgal biofuel production are inexpensive and effective harvesting of biomass and extraction of lipids. The major objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive review on various methods of both biomass harvesting and lipid extraction from microalgae available, so far, besides to discuss their advantages and disadvantages. This article also deals with various conditions that are favourable for lipid accumulation as well as the yield from different species.
222 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the optimal bioenvironmental conditions for microalgae cultivation, process design of algal biodiesel production, physicochemical properties of lipids extracted from micro algae and the properties of the produced biodiesel fuel, and the transesterification process are discussed.
Abstract: This literature review discusses several aspects of biodiesel production from microalgae. This paper elucidates the optimal bioenvironmental conditions for microalgae cultivation, process design of algal biodiesel production, physicochemical properties of lipids extracted from microalgae and the properties of the produced biodiesel fuel, and the transesterification process. On the other hand, this paper illustrates the designs of up-to-date full-scale and lab-scale photobioreactors (PBRs). Furthermore, this paper argues different bioengineering aspects of biodiesel production from microalgae. Eventually, the measurements, calculations, design parameters, Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of the production process are discussed.
207 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that the best strain was N. oceanica IMET1, with lipid productivity of 158.76 ± 13.83 mg L(-1)day(-1), TAG production of 1.67 ± 0.50°C, which could be consider as valuable feedstock for microalgal biodiesel production.
178 citations
Cites methods or result from "Evaluation of the potential of 10 m..."
...(2012) were selected to predict the biodiesel properties and detailed calculations are as follows: Average degree of unsaturation was determined as previous described (Song et al., 2013)....
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...In this study, the equations of Hoekman et al. (2012) were selected to predict the biodiesel properties and detailed calculations are as follows: Average degree of unsaturation was determined as previous described (Song et al., 2013)....
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...Five important biodiesel properties including kinematic viscosity, fuel density, cloud point cetane number and iodine number were estimated based on the relationships built across a range of realistic biodiesel types (Hoekman et al., 2012; Song et al., 2013)....
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...(2012) was widely accepted due to the calculated values by the equation were more close to the measured values (Song et al., 2013)....
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...Especially, the equations of Hoekman et al. (2012) was widely accepted due to the calculated values by the equation were more close to the measured values (Song et al., 2013)....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors described a simplified version of the method and reported the results of a study of its application to different tissues, including the efficiency of the washing procedure in terms of the removal from tissue lipides of some non-lipide substances of special biochemical interest.
59,550 citations
TL;DR: As demonstrated here, microalgae appear to be the only source of renewable biodiesel that is capable of meeting the global demand for transport fuels.
9,030 citations
"Evaluation of the potential of 10 m..." refers background in this paper
...Total lipid content of some microalgae species can achieve 30– 60% of dry weight (Chisti, 2007), revealing the significant potential of biodiesel production....
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...However, great requirement of unsustainably large cultivation areas of these oil crops has limited the wide application of biodiesel in supplementing fossil diesel (Chisti, 2007)....
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TL;DR: A brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization are provided.
Abstract: Microalgae represent an exceptionally diverse but highly specialized group of micro-organisms adapted to various ecological habitats. Many microalgae have the ability to produce substantial amounts (e.g. 20-50% dry cell weight) of triacylglycerols (TAG) as a storage lipid under photo-oxidative stress or other adverse environmental conditions. Fatty acids, the building blocks for TAGs and all other cellular lipids, are synthesized in the chloroplast using a single set of enzymes, of which acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACCase) is key in regulating fatty acid synthesis rates. However, the expression of genes involved in fatty acid synthesis is poorly understood in microalgae. Synthesis and sequestration of TAG into cytosolic lipid bodies appear to be a protective mechanism by which algal cells cope with stress conditions, but little is known about regulation of TAG formation at the molecular and cellular level. While the concept of using microalgae as an alternative and renewable source of lipid-rich biomass feedstock for biofuels has been explored over the past few decades, a scalable, commercially viable system has yet to emerge. Today, the production of algal oil is primarily confined to high-value specialty oils with nutritional value, rather than commodity oils for biofuel. This review provides a brief summary of the current knowledge on oleaginous algae and their fatty acid and TAG biosynthesis, algal model systems and genomic approaches to a better understanding of TAG production, and a historical perspective and path forward for microalgae-based biofuel research and commercialization.
3,479 citations
TL;DR: The experiments showed that the eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis sp.
Abstract: Thirty microalgal strains were screened in the laboratory for their biomass productivity and lipid content. Four strains (two marine and two freshwater), selected because robust, highly productive and with a relatively high lipid content, were cultivated under nitrogen deprivation in 0.6-L bubbled tubes. Only the two marine microalgae accumulated lipid under such conditions. One of them, the eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis sp. FM102: 100–112. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
2,714 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the fatty acid (FA) profiles of 12 common biodiesel feedstocks were summarized, and it was shown that several fuel properties, including viscosity, specific gravity, cetane number, iodine value, and low temperature performance metrics are highly correlated with the average unsaturation of the FA profiles.
Abstract: Biodiesel is a renewable transportation fuel consisting of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), generally produced by transesterification of vegetable oils and animal fats. In this review, the fatty acid (FA) profiles of 12 common biodiesel feedstocks were summarized. Considerable compositional variability exists across the range of feedstocks. For example, coconut, palm and tallow contain high amounts of saturated FA; while corn, rapeseed, safflower, soy, and sunflower are dominated by unsaturated FA. Much less information is available regarding the FA profiles of algal lipids that could serve as biodiesel feedstocks. However, some algal species contain considerably higher levels of poly-unsaturated FA than is typically found in vegetable oils. Differences in chemical and physical properties among biodiesel fuels can be explained largely by the fuels’ FA profiles. Two features that are especially influential are the size distribution and the degree of unsaturation within the FA structures. For the 12 biodiesel types reviewed here, it was shown that several fuel properties – including viscosity, specific gravity, cetane number, iodine value, and low temperature performance metrics – are highly correlated with the average unsaturation of the FAME profiles. Due to opposing effects of certain FAME structural features, it is not possible to define a single composition that is optimum with respect to all important fuel properties. However, to ensure satisfactory in-use performance with respect to low temperature operability and oxidative stability, biodiesel should contain relatively low concentrations of both long-chain saturated FAME and poly-unsaturated FAME.
1,527 citations