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Journal ArticleDOI

Evaluation of the suitability of a partially defatted black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae meal as ingredient for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) diets

TL;DR: The obtained results showed that a partially defatted HI larvae meal can be used as feed ingredient in trout diets up to 40% of inclusion level without impacting survival, growth performance, condition factor, somatic indexes, dorsal fillet physical quality parameters, and intestinal morphology of the fish.
Abstract: Two trials were performed to evaluate a partially defatted Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal as potential feed ingredient in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) diets. In the first trial, 360 trout (178.9 ± 9.8 g of mean initial body weight) were randomly divided into three experimental groups (4 tanks/treatment, 30 fish/tank). The fish were fed for 78 days with isonitrogenous, isolipidic and isoenergetic diets containing increasing levels of HI, on as fed basis: 0% (HI0, control diet), 25% (HI25) and 50% (HI50) of fish meal substitution, corresponding to dietary inclusion levels of 0, 20% and 40%. In the second trial, 36 trout (4 tanks/treatment, 3 fish/tank) were used to evaluate the in vivo apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of the same diets used in the first trial. Survival, growth performance, condition factor, somatic indexes, and dorsal fillet physical quality parameters were not affected by diet. The highest dietary inclusion of HI larvae meal increased dry matter and ether extract contents of trout dorsal fillet. The use of HI larvae meal induced a decrease of valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) even if differences were only reported at the highest level of HI inclusion. The insect meal worsened the lipids health indexes of the same muscle. Dietary inclusion of insect meal did not alter the villus height of the fish. No differences were found among treatments in relation to ADC of ether extract and gross energy, while ADC of dry matter and crude protein were higher in HI25 if compared to HI50. The obtained results showed that a partially defatted HI larvae meal can be used as feed ingredient in trout diets up to 40% of inclusion level without impacting survival, growth performance, condition factor, somatic indexes, dorsal fillet physical quality parameters, and intestinal morphology of the fish. However, further investigations on specific feeding strategies and diet formulations are needed to limit the observed negative effects of the insect meal on the FA composition of dorsal muscle.

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Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
18 Oct 2017-Foods
TL;DR: The literature on the black soldier fly is reviewed, which is capable of efficiently converting a wide variety of organic materials, from food waste to manure, into insect biomass, and which could potentially be milled and converted into a textured protein with a strong flavor.
Abstract: Food futurists accept that sustainability-minded humanity will increasingly incorporate insects as alternative protein. The most studied and easily reared species are not necessarily the most sustainable, acceptable, or delicious. Here, we review the literature on the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, which is capable of efficiently converting a wide variety of organic materials, from food waste to manure, into insect biomass. They can be grown and harvested without dedicated facilities and are not pestiferous. Their larvae are 42% crude protein and 29% fat, although they are higher in saturated fats than most insects. They do not concentrate pesticides or mycotoxins. They are already grown and recommended for use as animal feed, but with regional legal restrictions on how this is done. For commercial use in human foods, larvae could potentially be milled and converted into a textured protein with a strong flavor. Their biggest advantage over other insects is their ability to convert waste into food, generating value and closing nutrient loops as they reduce pollution and costs. This general advantage is also their greatest disadvantage, for the social stigmas and legal prohibitions against eating organisms that eat waste are added to extant taboos facing insect consumption.

414 citations


Cites background from "Evaluation of the suitability of a ..."

  • ...Another case in rainbow trout recommended defatted BSFL supplementation in the diet of up to 40% without any negative effects on fish physiology or fillet physical quality, but noted a decrease in desirable polyunsaturated fats [69]....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of four rearing substrates (organic wastes), a mixture of vegetable and fruit (VEGFRU), trial 2 (agro-industrial byproducts): brewery (BRE) vs. winery (WIN) by-products) on BSF larvae development, waste reduction efficiency and nutritional composition was assessed.
Abstract: Wastes can be used as rearing substrate by black soldier fly (BSF) larvae, the latter being exploitable as a protein source in animal feed. This research aimed to assess the influence of four rearing substrates (Trial 1 (organic wastes): a mixture of vegetable and fruit (VEGFRU) vs. a mixture of fruits only (FRU); Trial 2 (agro-industrial by-products): brewery (BRE) vs. winery (WIN) by-products) on BSF larvae development, waste reduction efficiency and nutritional composition.; Results: If respectively compared to FRU and WIN, VEGFRU and BRE larvae needed less time to reach the prepupal stage (22.0, 22.2, 20.2 and 8.0 days of trial, respectively) and had higher protein content (229.7, 257.3, 312.9 and 395.7 g kg-1 dry matter). The waste reduction index ranged from 2.4 (WIN) to 5.3 g d-1 (BRE). BRE larvae showed the lowest saturated and the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid proportions (612.4 and 260.1 g kg-1 total fatty acids, respectively).; Conclusion: Vegetable and fruit wastes and winery by-products can be used as rearing substrates for BSF larval mass production. Brewery by-products led to very promising larval performance and nutritional composition. However, given BRE limited availability, low BRE dietary inclusion levels could be used with the purpose of increasing larval performance. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

271 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that a total replacement of fish meal with black soldier fly larvae meal in the diets of sea-water Atlantic salmon was possible without negative effects on growth performance, feed utilization, nutrient digestibility, liver traits or the sensory qualities of the fillet.

242 citations


Cites background or result from "Evaluation of the suitability of a ..."

  • ...Replacement of FM with BSF larvae meal in aquafeeds without negative effects on growth or performance has successfully been demonstrated in some fish feeding trials (Belghit et al., 2018a; Cummins et al., 2017; Dumas et al., 2018; Elia et al., 2018; Lock et al., 2016; Magalhães et al., 2017; Renna et al., 2017), but not in others (Gasco et al....

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  • ...…has successfully been demonstrated in some fish feeding trials (Belghit et al., 2018a; Cummins et al., 2017; Dumas et al., 2018; Elia et al., 2018; Lock et al., 2016; Magalhães et al., 2017; Renna et al., 2017), but not in others (Gasco et al., 2016; Kroeckel et al., 2012; St-Hilaire et al., 2007)....

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  • ...These results are in agreement with previous studies on inclusion of BSF larvae ingredients in salmonid diets (BSF larvae meal included at 150–600 g kg −1 diet), where no differences on the growth parameters were reported (Belghit et al., 2018a; Dumas et al., 2018; Lock et al., 2016; Renna et al., 2017)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a life cycle assessment (LCA) of food industry side streams transformation via Hermetia illucens into intermediate products applicable for feed and food purposes is presented.
Abstract: The lack of protein sources in several parts of the world is triggering the search for locally produced and sustainable alternatives. Insect production is recognized as a potential solution. This study is a life cycle assessment (LCA) of food industry side streams transformation via Hermetia illucens into intermediate products applicable for feed and food purposes. It relies on attributional modelling for the estimation of the most impacting stages of insect production and on consequential modelling for the estimation of potential benefits or risks for the agri-food system. The consequential LCA included effects on the market, associated with upstream increase in feed (increase in commercial feed production) or downstream availability of insect product (substitution of fertilizer, protein concentrate for feed or chicken meat). Attributional and consequential LCAs are followed by sensitivity analyses, which identify the most promising directions towards sustainable insect production and estimate the magnitude of impact reductions if those directions are pursued by the industry. Analyses of the existing pilot process largely correspond with other findings in the literature, indicating fresh insect biomass is almost twice more sustainable than fresh chicken meat. Produced at pilot scale, protein concentrate (insect meal) while being competitive against animal-derived (whey, egg protein, fishmeal) and microalgae, has higher environmental impacts than plant-based meals. Further scenarios illustrate strategies for more sustainable use of environmental resources providing guidance for producers and funding agencies to direct the industry to an impact profile that is lower, than many existing protein sources.

205 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Generally, insect meals have higher indispensable amino acid contents than other meal types, with contents closely related to those in fish meal, and these values are higher than those reported for other animal and plant meals.
Abstract: Different studies have shown that insect meals can partially or completely replace the fish and soya bean meals that are commonly used in aquaculture. However, information is lacking on the amino acid and fatty acid contents and digestibility of different insect meals. Moreover, we evaluated different proportions of insect diets and determined how these affected the nutritional values of insect meals. Our purpose was to clarify these aspects and consider the availability of protein, amino acids, lipids and fatty acids in insect meals in fish nutrition. Generally, insect meals have higher indispensable amino acid contents than other meal types, with contents closely related to those in fish meal. Insect meal can be an important source of essential amino acids such as methionine, with contents ranging between 0.47 and 4.03 g 100 g 1 sample. These values are higher than those reported for other animal and plant meals. In addition, insects are also good sources of lipids and fatty acids, and the amounts and types of fatty acids vary according to the species, stage of development and type of feed. Moreover, the additional nutritional value of insect meal includes compounds such as chitin, which is primarily considered a fibre but also contains nitrogen and amino acids. Insect peptides with activity against pathogenic microflora provide secondary biological effects, which may significantly improve animal health.

200 citations


Cites background from "Evaluation of the suitability of a ..."

  • ...Moreover, Renna et al. (2017) found that a decreasing amount of Arg due to the inclusion of HI meals did not affect the growth performance of rainbow trout fed with 10%, 25% and 50% HI meal....

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References
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01 Feb 1980

47,967 citations

Book
01 Jan 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present official methods of analysis of AOAC International, official methods for analysis of aOAC-related project, and a set of methods for the analysis of their work.
Abstract: Official methods of analysis of AOAC International , Official methods of analysis of AOAC International , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

8,888 citations

Book
01 Jan 1998

7,129 citations


"Evaluation of the suitability of a ..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...AOAC International....

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  • ...Official methods of analysis of AOAC International....

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  • ...Feed samples were ground using a cutting mill (MLI 204; Bühler AG, Uzwil, Switzerland) and analysed for DM (AOAC #934.01), CP (AOAC #984.13) and ash (AOAC #942.05) contents according to AOAC International [26]; EE (AOAC #2003.05) was analyzed according to AOAC International [27]....

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  • ...05) contents according to AOAC International [26]; EE (AOAC #2003....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present review discusses the potential of locusts, grasshoppers, termites, yellow mealworms, Asiatic rhinoceros beetles, superworms, domesticated silkworms, common houseflies, common mosquitoes and black soldier flies for use as fishmeal and/or fish oil replacement in the fish diet.

529 citations


"Evaluation of the suitability of a ..." refers background or result in this paper

  • ...Full-fat insect meals contain high amounts of lipids, which are difficult to be managed by the feed industry due to overmuch energy, proneness to oxidation and a decrease in pellet stability [6]....

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  • ...In a context of resource scarcity and population growth, insect meals could represent a precious alternative to FM in aquaculture feeds [6], also considering that freshwater carnivorous fish eat insects in their natural environment....

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  • ...Contrasting results of the over cited studies could also be ascribed to the type of insect meal, the level of fat in meals, the fish species and the fish age [6]....

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  • ...Even if gastrointestinal bacteria and chitinase activity were reported in some fish species [11], the chitin digestibility is usually very low or completely absent in rainbow trout [6]....

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  • ...Among PAPs, interest is recently turned to insect meals as they are considered promising and sustainable protein [5, 6] or lipid [7] sources for monogastric animals feeds....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss nutritional data to justify why insect food sources can no longer be neglected and discuss legislative issues to meet society's approval, especially if people are not accustomed to eating insects.
Abstract: Increasing world population worsens the serious problem of food security in developing countries. On the other hand in industrialized countries, where the problem of food security is of minor concern, health problems related to food refer to 2 main factors: food safety and environmental sustainability of food production. For these reasons, new ways must be found to increase yields while preserving food quality, natural habitats, and biodiversity. Insects could be of great interest as a possible solution due to their capability to satisfy 2 different requirements: (i) they are an important source of protein and other nutrients; (ii) their use as food has ecological advantages over conventional meat and, in the long run, economic benefits. However, little is known on the food safety side and this can be of critical importance to meet society's approval, especially if people are not accustomed to eating insects. This paper aims to collect information in order to evaluate how insects could be safely used as food and to discuss nutritional data to justify why insect food sources can no longer be neglected. Legislative issues will also be discussed.

506 citations


"Evaluation of the suitability of a ..." refers background in this paper

  • ...These findings could be ascribed to the proteins linked to chitin and therefore present in the insect exoskeleton [38]....

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