Journal ArticleDOI
Evidence evaluation in complex decision making.
Nancy Pennington,Reid Hastie +1 more
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This paper investigated the role of representation of evidence in a juror's decision process and concluded that adequate theories of decision-making must emphasize cognitive aspects of performance, such as the representations of evidence.Abstract:
This study investigates the role of representation of evidence in a juror's decision process. A model is presented that includes an initial stage of processing in which cognitive representations of the evidence in the form of stories are produced. This is followed by a computation of the decision by evaluating the goodness-of-fit of the evidence representation (story) to the verdict categories. Subjects, drawn from jury pools, made individual decisions on the verdicts for a filmed murder trial. Extensive interviews provided the data for analysis of their cognitive representations of the evidence in the case, the verdict categories presented in the trial judge's instructions, and the procedures they were to follow according to law to reach a verdict. We found, as hypothesized, that the trial evidence was represented in a story form. Furthermore, differences among jurors in cognitive representations of evidence were correlated with their verdicts, although other aspects of the decision process (verdict category representations, application of the standard of proof procedural instruction) were not. We conclude that adequate theories of decision making must emphasize cognitive aspects of performance, such as the representation of evidence.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Constructing inferences during narrative text comprehension.
TL;DR: The authors describe a constructionist theory that accounts for the knowledge-based inferences that are constructed when readers comprehend narrative text, and present empirical evidence that addresses this theory and contrasts it with alternative theoretical frameworks.
Book
Decision Making in Action: Models and Methods
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present and elaborate on past models developed to explain this type of decision making and present a new perspective of naturalistic decision making, which they argue is unproductive since it is so heavily grounded in economics and mathematics.
Journal ArticleDOI
Order effects in belief updating: The belief-adjustment model
TL;DR: A theory of belief updating that explicitly accounts for order-effect phenomena as arising from the interaction of information-processing strategies and task characteristics is presented and shown both to account for much existing data and to make novel predictions for combinations of task characteristics where current data are sparse.
Journal ArticleDOI
Narrative Processing: Building Consumer Connections to Brands
TL;DR: This paper proposed that narrative processing creates or enhances self-brand connections (SBC) because people generally interpret the meaning of their experiences by fitting them into a story, and they conceptualized this linkage at an aggregate level in terms of SBCs, that is, the extent to which consumers have incorporated the brand into their self-concepts.
Journal ArticleDOI
Culpable control and the psychology of blame.
TL;DR: A culpable control model is advanced to describe the conditions that encourage as well as mitigate blame and to assess the process by which blame and mitigation occur and its basic tenets are summarized.
References
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Book
Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
Amos Tversky,Daniel Kahneman +1 more
TL;DR: The authors described three heuristics that are employed in making judgements under uncertainty: representativeness, availability of instances or scenarios, and adjustment from an anchor, which is usually employed in numerical prediction when a relevant value is available.
Journal ArticleDOI
Features of Similarity
TL;DR: The metric and dimensional assumptions that underlie the geometric representation of similarity are questioned on both theoretical and empirical grounds and a set of qualitative assumptions are shown to imply the contrast model, which expresses the similarity between objects as a linear combination of the measures of their common and distinctive features.
Journal ArticleDOI
Family Resemblances: Studies in the Internal Structure of Categories
Eleanor Rosch,Carolyn B. Mervis +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the hypothesis that the members of categories which are considered most prototypical are those with most attributes in common with other members of the category and least attributes with other categories and found that family resemblance offers an alternative to criterial features in defining categories.
Journal ArticleDOI
Toward a model of text comprehension and production.
Walter Kintsch,Teun A. van Dijk +1 more
TL;DR: The semantic structure of texts can be described both at the local microlevel and at a more global macrolevel, and a model for text comprehension based on this notion accounts for the formation of a coherent semantic text base in terms of a cyclical process constrained by limitations of working memory.