Open Access
Evolution of Magnetic Field and Energy in A Major Eruptive Active Region Based on SDO/HMI Observation
Xudong Sun,J. Todd Hoeksema,Yang Liu,Thomas Wiegelmann,Keiji Hayashi,Qingrong Chen,Julia K. Thalmann +6 more
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TLDR
In this paper, the authors report the evolution of magnetic field and its energy in NOAA active region 11158 over 5 days based on a vector magnetogram series from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO).Abstract:
We report the evolution of magnetic field and its energy in NOAA active region 11158 over 5 days based on a vector magnetogram series from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO). Fast flux emergence and strong shearing motion led to a quadrupolar sunspot complex that produced several major eruptions, including the first X-class flare of Solar Cycle 24. Extrapolated non-linear force-free coronal fields show substantial electric current and free energy increase during early flux emergence near a low-lying sigmoidal filament with sheared kilogauss field in the filament channel. The computed magnetic free energy reaches a maximum of ∼2.6 × 10 32 erg, about 50% of which is stored below 6 Mm. It decreases by ∼0.3 × 10 32 erg within 1 hour of the X-class flare, which is likely an underestimation of the actual energy loss. During the flare, the photospheric field changed rapidly: horizontal field was enhanced by 28% in the core region, becoming more inclined and more parallel to the polarity inversion line. Such change is consistent with the conjectured coronal field “implosion”, and is supported by the coronal loop retraction observed by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA). The extrapolated field becomes more “compact” after the flare, with shorter loops in the core region, probably because of reconnection. The coronal field becomes slightly more sheared in the lowest layer, relaxes faster with height, and is overall less energetic.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) Vector Magnetic Field Pipeline: SHARPs - Space-Weather HMI Active Region Patches
Monica G. Bobra,Xudong Sun,J. T. Hoeksema,M. Turmon,Y. Liu,Keiji Hayashi,Graham Barnes,K. D. Leka +7 more
TL;DR: The SHARP data series as mentioned in this paper provides maps in patches that encompass automatically tracked magnetic concentrations for their entire lifetime; map quantities include the photospheric vector magnetic field and its uncertainty, along with Doppler velocity, continuum intensity, and line-of-sight magnetic field.
Journal ArticleDOI
Solar Force-free Magnetic Fields
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetic field and electric currents are assumed to be proportional with one global constant, the so-called linear force-free field approximation, which is known as the force free field assumption, as the Lorentz force vanishes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Flux Emergence (Theory)
Mark C. M. Cheung,Hiroaki Isobe +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce theoretical concepts central to the study of flux emergence and discuss how the inclusion of different physical effects (e.g., magnetic buoyancy, magnetoconvection, reconnection, magnetic twist, interaction with ambient field) in models impact the evolution of the emerging field and plasma.
Journal ArticleDOI
Thermal Diagnostics with the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory: A Validated Method for Differential Emission Measure Inversions
Mark C. M. Cheung,P. Boerner,Carolus J. Schrijver,Paola Testa,Feng Chen,Hardi Peter,A. V. Malanushenko +6 more
TL;DR: In this article, a new method for performing differential emission measure (DEM) inversions on narrow-band EUV images from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Electric current in flares ribbons: observations and 3D standard model
Véronique Bommier,Guillaume Aulanier,Miho Janvier,Pascal Démoulin,Brigitte Schmieder,Etienne Pariat +5 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the evolution of the photospheric electric currents during an eruptive X-class flare, accurately predicted by the standard 3D model, was analyzed using HMI/SDO magnetic observations and found that localized currents in \J-shaped ribbons increase to double their pre-flare intensity.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
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TL;DR: The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) as discussed by the authors was designed to measure the Doppler shift, intensity, and vector magnetic field at the solar photosphere using the 6173 A FeI absorption line.
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TL;DR: RHESSI as discussed by the authors is a Principal Investigator (PI) mission, where the PI is responsible for all aspects of the mission except the launch vehicle, and is designed to investigate particle acceleration and energy release in solar flares, through imaging and spectroscopy of hard X-ray/gamma-ray continua emitted by energetic electrons, and of gamma-ray lines produced by energetic ions.
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Takeo Kosugi,K. Matsuzaki,Taro Sakao,Toshifumi Shimizu,Y. Sone,Sumitaka Tachikawa,Tatsuaki Hashimoto,Kenji Minesugi,Akira Ohnishi,T. Yamada,Saku Tsuneta,Hirohisa Hara,Kiyoshi Ichimoto,Yoshinori Suematsu,Masumi Shimojo,Takashi Watanabe,Shigenobu Shimada,John M. Davis,L. D. Hill,J. K. Owens,A. M. Title,J. L. Culhane,Louise K. Harra,George A. Doschek,Leon Golub +24 more
TL;DR: The Hinode satellite as discussed by the authors is the successor to the Yohkoh mission, which aims to understand how magnetic energy gets transferred from the photosphere to the upper atmosphere and results in explosive energy releases.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI)
Russell A. Howard,John D. Moses,Angelos Vourlidas,Jeffrey S. Newmark,Dennis G. Socker,Simon Plunkett,Clarence M. Korendyke,J. W. Cook,A. Hurley,Joseph M. Davila,William T. Thompson,O. C. St. Cyr,E. Mentzell,Kimberly I. Mehalick,James R. Lemen,Jean-Pierre Wuelser,Dexter W. Duncan,T. D. Tarbell,C. J. Wolfson,A. Moore,Richard A. Harrison,Nicholas R. Waltham,J. Lang,Christopher J. Davis,C. J. Eyles,H. Mapson-Menard,G. M. Simnett,Jean-Philippe Halain,Jean-Marc Defise,Emmanuel Mazy,Pierre Rochus,Raymond Mercier,Marie-Françoise Ravet,Franck Delmotte,F. Auchère,Jean-Pierre Delaboudiniere,Volker Bothmer,W. Deutsch,Dennis Wang,N. Rich,S. Cooper,V. Stephens,G. Maahs,R. Baugh,D. R. McMullin,T. Carter +45 more
TL;DR: The Sun Earth Connection Coronal and Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) is a five telescope package, which has been developed for the Solar Terrestrial Relation Observatory (STEREO) mission.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Solar Optical Telescope for the Hinode Mission: An Overview
Saku Tsuneta,Kiyoshi Ichimoto,Yukio Katsukawa,Shin Nagata,Masashi Otsubo,Toshifumi Shimizu,Yoshinori Suematsu,Masao Nakagiri,M. Noguchi,T. D. Tarbell,A. M. Title,R. A. Shine,W. Rosenberg,C. Hoffmann,B. Jurcevich,Gary D. Kushner,M. Levay,Bruce W. Lites,D. F. Elmore,Tadashi Matsushita,Noboru Kawaguchi,H. Saito,Izumi Mikami,L. D. Hill,J. K. Owens +24 more
TL;DR: The solar optical telescope (SOT) as discussed by the authors is a 50-cm diffraction-limited Gregorian telescope with the Stokes Spectro-Polarimeter (SP) attached to it.