Evolution of secondary metabolites in legumes (Fabaceae)
TL;DR: The distributions of secondary metabolites with an irregular occurrence are mapped on a molecular phylogeny of the Fabaceae, reconstructed from a combined data set of nucleotide sequences from rbc L, matK and ITS genes.
About: This article is published in South African Journal of Botany.The article was published on 2013-11-01 and is currently open access. It has received 239 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Secondary metabolism & Plant use of endophytic fungi in defense.
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TL;DR: This review provides a description of the title compounds by focusing on their synthesis, natural sources and biological activities.
Abstract: The γ-lactam moiety is present in a large number of natural and non-natural biologically active compounds. The range of biological activities covered by these compounds is very broad. Functionalized γ-lactams are thus of high interest and have great potential in medicinal chemistry. This review provides a description of the title compounds by focusing on their synthesis, natural sources and biological activities.
247 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that non-crop vegetation management is a viable and cost-effective means of minimizing crop decline in perennial monocultures but is in need of more direct experimental investigation in perennial agroecosystems.
Abstract: Commercial perennial agriculture is prone to declining productivity due to negative plant-soil feedback. An alternative to costly and environmentally harmful conventional treatment such as soil fumigation could be to manipulate soil microbial diversity through careful selection and management of cover crop mixtures. Although cover crops are already used in these systems for other reasons, their capacity to influence soil biota is unexploited. Here, we examine the role of plant diversity and identity on plant-soil feedbacks in the context of perennial agriculture. We identify key microorganisms involved in these feedbacks and explore plant-based strategies for mitigating decline of perennial crop plants. We conclude that (1) increasing plant diversity increases soil microbial diversity, minimizing the proliferation of soil-borne pathogens; (2) populations of beneficial microbes can be increased by increasing plant functional group richness, e.g., legumes, C4 grasses, C3 grasses, and non-leguminous forbs; (3) brassicas suppress fungal pathogens and promote disease-suppressive bacteria; (4) native plants may further promote beneficial soil microbiota; and (5) frequent tillage, herbicide use, and copper fungicides can harm populations of beneficial microbes and, in some cases, contribute to greater crop decline. Non-crop vegetation management is a viable and cost-effective means of minimizing crop decline in perennial monocultures but is in need of more direct experimental investigation in perennial agroecosystems.
204 citations
Cites background from "Evolution of secondary metabolites ..."
...Further study should focus on other plantprotective secondary metabolites produced by different legumes (Wink 2013) to better understand how they affect relationships with soil microorganisms....
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TL;DR: It is shown that nitrogen concentration per unit leaf mass for nitrogen-fixing plants in nonagricultural ecosystems is universally greater than that for other plants (OP), and carbon fixation by photosynthesis and stomatal conductance are not related to Narea, in distinct challenge to current theories that place the leaf nitrogen–Asat relationship at the center of explanations of plant fitness and competitive ability.
Abstract: Using robust, pairwise comparisons and a global dataset, we show that nitrogen concentration per unit leaf mass for nitrogen-fixing plants (N2FP; mainly legumes plus some actinorhizal species) in nonagricultural ecosystems is universally greater (43-100%) than that for other plants (OP). This difference is maintained across Koppen climate zones and growth forms and strongest in the wet tropics and within deciduous angiosperms. N2FP mostly show a similar advantage over OP in nitrogen per leaf area (Narea), even in arid climates, despite diazotrophy being sensitive to drought. We also show that, for most N2FP, carbon fixation by photosynthesis (Asat) and stomatal conductance (gs) are not related to Narea-in distinct challenge to current theories that place the leaf nitrogen-Asat relationship at the center of explanations of plant fitness and competitive ability. Among N2FP, only forbs displayed an Narea-gs relationship similar to that for OP, whereas intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi; Asat/gs) was positively related to Narea for woody N2FP. Enhanced foliar nitrogen (relative to OP) contributes strongly to other evolutionarily advantageous attributes of legumes, such as seed nitrogen and herbivore defense. These alternate explanations of clear differences in leaf N between N2FP and OP have significant implications (e.g., for global models of carbon fluxes based on relationships between leaf N and Asat). Combined, greater WUE and leaf nitrogen-in a variety of forms-enhance fitness and survival of genomes of N2FP, particularly in arid and semiarid climates.
162 citations
Cites background from "Evolution of secondary metabolites ..."
...For example, in the forms of amines, polyamines, alkaloids, cyanogenic glucosides, and many others, N-rich molecules help N2FP cope with drought (by osmotic adjustment) as well as freezing conditions (32) and also, help deter herbivores in both tropical and nontropical forests (33, 34)....
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TL;DR: Depending on the unique characteristics, and the novelty in biosynthesis process of SeNPs, it must be candidates in biomedicine, prevent food spoilage, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics as green antimicrobial agent.
115 citations
TL;DR: It has been observed that in countries with a high consumption of legumes, the incidence of colorectal cancer is lower and it is important to review the information available to elucidate the chemopreventive mechanisms of action of legume compounds.
Abstract: Legumes in combination with other products are the staple food for a large part of the world population, especially the low-income fragment, because their seeds provide valuable amounts of carbohydrates, fiber, and proteins, and have an important composition of essential amino acids, the sulphured amino acids being the limiting ones. Furthermore, legumes also have nonnutritional compounds that may decrease the absorption of nutrients or produce toxic effects; however, it has been reported that depending on the dose, these nonnutritional compounds also have different bioactivities as antioxidant, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and anticarcinogenic agents, which have been proven in scientific studies. It has been observed that in countries with a high consumption of legumes, the incidence of colorectal cancer is lower. Some studies have shown that legume seeds are an alternative chemopreventive therapy against various cancers especially colon; this was verified in various animal models of induced by azoxymethane, a colon specific carcinogenic compound, in which a diet was supplemented with different concentrations of beans, lentils, chickpeas, or soybeans, mostly. These studies have proven the anticancer activity of legumes in early stages of carcinogenesis. Therefore, it is important to review the information available to elucidate the chemopreventive mechanisms of action of legume compounds.
109 citations
Cites background from "Evolution of secondary metabolites ..."
...The phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites essential for growth and reproduction of plants and act as protective agents against pathogens, being secreted as a defense mechanism during stress conditions such as infections and UV radiation, among others (24)....
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an approach for the construction of blocks and constructions of machinery for primary and secondary metabolic systems based on the properties of the building blocks and the construction mechanism.
Abstract: 1. ABOUT THIS BOOK, AND HOW TO USE IT. The Subject. The Aim. The Approach. The Topics. The Figures. Further Reading. What to Study. What to Learn. Nomenclature. Conventions Regarding Acids, Bases, and Ions. Some Common Abbreviations. Further Reading. 2. SECONDARY METABOLISM: THE BUILDING BLOCKS AND CONSTRUCTION MECHANISMS. Primary and Secondary Metabolism. The Building Blocks. The Construction Mechanisms. Alkylation Reactions: Nucleophilic Substitution. Dehydrogenases. Oxidases. Monooxygenases. Dioxygenases. Amine Oxidases. Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases. Some Vitamins Associated with the Construction Mechanisms. Elucidating Biosynthetic Pathways. Further Reading. 3. THE ACETATE PATHWAY: FATTY ACIDS AND POLYKETIDES. Fatty Acid Synthase: Saturated Fatty Acids. Unsaturated Fatty Acids. Uncommon Fatty Acids. Prostaglandins. Thromboxanes. Leukotrienes. Polyketide Synthases: Generalities. Polyketide Synthases: Macrolides. Macrolide Antibiotics, Erythromycins, Oleandomycin and Spiramycin, Tylosin, Avermectins, Polyene Antifungals, Tacrolimus and Sirolimus, Rifamycins. Polyketide Synthases: Linear Polyketides and Polyethers. Diels-Alder Cyclizations. Polyketide Synthases: Aromatics. Senna, Hypericum / St John?s Wort, Mycophenolic acid, Khellin and Cromoglicate, Griseofulvin. Poison Ivy and Poison Oak, Cannabis, Aflatoxins, Tetracyclines, Anthracycline Antibiotics. Further Reading. 4. THE SHIKIMATE PATHWAY: AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS AND PHENYLPROPANOIDS. Aromatic Amino Acids and Simple Benzoic Acids. Phenylpropanoids. Cinnamic Acids and Esters. Lignans and Lignin. Phenylpropenes. Benzoic Acids from C6C3 Compounds. Coumarins. Aromatic Polyketides. Styrylpyrones, Diarylheptanoids. Flavonoids and Stilbenes. Flavonolignans. Isoflavonoids. Terpenoid Quinones. Further Reading. 5. THE MEVALONATE AND METHYLERYTHRITOL PHOSPHATE PATHWAYS: TERPENOIDS AND STEROIDS. Mevalonic Acid and Methylerythritol Phosphate. Hemiterpenes. Monoterpenes. Irregular Monoterpenes. Iridoids. Sesquiterpenes. Artemisinin, Gossypol, Trichothecenes. Diterpenes. Sesterterpenes. Triterpenes. Steroids. Stereochemistry and Nomenclature. Cholesterol. Phytosterols. Vitamin D. Steroidal Saponins. Cardioactive Glycosides. Bile Acids. Adrenocortical Hormones/Corticosteroids. Semi-Synthesis of Corticosteroids. Progestogens. Oestrogens. Androgens. Tetraterpenes. Higher Terpenoids. Further Reading. 6. ALKALOIDS. Alkaloids Derived from Ornithine. Alkaloids Derived from Lysine. Alkaloids Derived from Nicotinic Acid. Alkaloids Derived from Tyrosine. Phenylethylamines and Simple Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids. Modified Benzyltetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids. Phenethylisoquinoline Alkaloids. Terpenoid Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids. Amaryllidaceae Alkaloids. Alkaloids Derived from Tryptophan. Simple Indole Alkaloids. Simple - Carboline Alkaloids. Terpenoid Indole Alkaloids. Quinoline Alkaloids. Pyrroloindole Alkaloids. Ergot Alkaloids. Alkaloids Derived from Anthranilic Acid. Alkaloids Derived From Histidine. Alkaloids Derived by Amination Reactions. Acetate-Derived Alkaloids. Phenylalanine-Derived Alkaloids. Terpenoid Alkaloids. Steroidal Alkaloids. Purine Alkaloids. Further Reading. 7. PEPTIDES, PROTEINS, AND OTHER AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES. Peptides and Proteins. Ribosomal Peptide Biosynthesis. Peptide Hormones. Thyroid Hormones. Hypothalamic Hormones. Hormone, Growth Hormone-releasing Hormone/Factor, Somatostatin. Anterior Pituitory Hormones. Posterior Pituitory Hormones. Pancreatic Hormones. Interferons. Opioid Peptides. Ribosomal Peptide Toxins. Death Cap (Amanita phalloides), Ricin, Botulinum Toxin, Conotoxins, Snake Venoms, Gila Monster Venom. Enzymes. Nonribosomal Peptide Biosynthesis. Bacitracins, Capreomycin, Polymyxins, Daptomycin, Cyclosporins, Vancomycin and Teicoplanin, Bleomycin, Streptogramins, Dactinomycin, Cycloserine. Modified Peptides: Penicillins, Cephalosporins and Other ?-Lactams. Cyanogenic Glycosides. Glucosinolates. Cysteine Sulphoxides. Further Reading. 8. CARBOHYDRATES. Monosaccharides. Oligosaccharides. Polysaccharides. Aminosugars and Aminoglycosides. Aminoglycoside Antibiotics, Streptamine-containing Antibiotics, 2-Deoxystreptamine-containing Antibiotics, Acarbose, Lincomycin and Clindamycin. Further Reading. Index.
1,583 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1977
TL;DR: The Plant and Its Biochemical Adaptation to the Environment, and Higher Plant-Lower Plant Interactions: Phytoalexins and Phytotoxins.
Abstract: The Plant and Its Biochemical Adaptation to the Environment. Biochemistry of Plant Pollination. Plant Toxins and Their Effects on Animals. Hormonal Interactions Between Plants and Animals. Insect Feeding Preferences. Feeding Preferences of Vertebrates, Including Man. The Co-Evolutionary Arms Race: Plant Defence and Animal Response. Animal Pheromones and Defence Substances. Biochemical Interactions Between Higher Plants. Higher Plant-Lower Plant Interactions: Phytoalexins and Phytotoxins. Indices.
1,368 citations
01 Jan 1991
TL;DR: In this paper, the total synthesis of amaryllidaceae alkaloids has been studied using radical cyclization reactions in total syntheses of naturally occurring indole alkaloid.
Abstract: Chapter headings. Carbon-13 and proton NMR shift assignments and physical constants of diterpenoid alkaloids. Supercritical fluid extraction of alkaloids. Recent advances in the total synthesis of amaryllidaceae alkaloids. Applications of radical cyclization reactions in total syntheses of naturally occurring indole alkaloids.
1,263 citations
TL;DR: The distribution of secondary metabolite profiles mean that the systematic value of chemical characters becomes a matter of interpretation in the same way as traditional morphological markers and their occurrence apparently reflects adaptations and particular life strategies embedded in a given phylogenetic framework.
1,164 citations
"Evolution of secondary metabolites ..." refers background in this paper
...The dominance of alkaloids and other nitrogen-containing secondarymetabolites in angiospermsmust be regarded in this context (Wink, 2003, 2008a;Winket al., 2010)....
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...The production of cardenolides in a few members of Coronilla and Securigera might represent such a convergent trait, because CG occurs island-like in many unrelated plant families (Wink, 2003)....
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...Some compounds serve for nitrogen storage, UV protection and as antioxidative agents (reviewed in Hartmann, 2007; Wink, 1988, 2003, 2008a,b)....
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...In several cases related genes/proteins could be discovered in bacteria and fungi, suggesting that these genes had evolved much earlier in evolution (Wink, 2003)....
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