Ex vivo analyses of formulated bio-elicitors from a phytopathogen in the improvement of innate immunity in host
TL;DR: Results suggest that among three elicitors tested, BE 3 (2%) can be used as a potential bio-elicitor in organic tomato farming.
Abstract: Three different bio-elicitors viz. BE 1, BE 2 and BE 3 were formulated from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. All three elicitors were screened for defence regulating capacity in an ex vivo system where Lycopersicum esculentum was used as a model host plant. Application of bio-elicitors on detached leaves showed varied degrees of defence induction and antioxidative enzymes and total phenol accumulation after 24 h incubation. Among all, BE 3 (2%) was found to be the most effective. Furthermore, production of nitric oxide (NO) was measured in treated leaves, and concurrently, the extent of oxidative damage was evaluated by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), proline and total chlorophyll content. All bio-elicitors except BE 3, which was effective at concentrations as low as 2%, showed enhanced production of MDA and proline and reduction in total chlorophyll at higher concentrations. These results suggest that among three elicitors tested, BE 3 (2%) can be used as a p...
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TL;DR: The results suggest that increased production of NO in chitosan-treated tea plants may play a critical role in triggering the innate defense responses effective against plant pathogens, including that causing the blister blight disease.
51 citations
Cites background from "Ex vivo analyses of formulated bio-..."
...…far, various biotic and abiotic elicitors have been tested for induction of defense responses 1 in diverse plant systems (Acharya et al., 2011a; Chakraborty and Acharya, 2016; Garcia-2 Brugger et al., 2006; Oostendorp et al., 2001; Walters et al., 2005) including C. sinensis 3 (Chandra et al.,…...
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TL;DR: The overall role of NO in higher plants in response to abiotic stresses is discussed and application of NO donor has tremendous potential to counteract damages in different segments of plants caused by various stresses.
29 citations
TL;DR: The result suggests that CaCl2 have tremendous potential to elicit defense responses as well as plant growth in co-relation with NO, which ultimately leads to resistance against the wilt pathogen.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of calcium chloride (CaCl2), as potential elicitor, on tomato plants against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Foliar application of CaCl2 showed significant reduction of wilt incidence after challenge inoculation. Increased production of defense and antioxidant enzymes was observed in elicitor treated sets over control. Simultaneously, altered amount of phenolic acids were analyzed spectrophotometrically and by using high performance liquid chromatography. Significant induction of defense-related genes expressions was measured by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Greater lignifications by microscopic analysis were also recorded in elicitor treated plants. Simultaneously, generation of nitric oxide (NO) in elicitor treated plants was confirmed by spectrophotometrically and microscopically by using membrane permeable fluorescent dye. Furthermore, plants treated with potential NO donor and NO modulators showed significant alteration of all those aforesaid defense molecules. Transcript analysis of nitrate reductase and calmodulin gene showed positive correlation with elicitor treatment. Furthermore, CaCl2 treatment showed greater seedling vigor index, mean trichome density etc. The result suggests that CaCl2 have tremendous potential to elicit defense responses as well as plant growth in co-relation with NO, which ultimately leads to resistance against the wilt pathogen.
26 citations
Cites background from "Ex vivo analyses of formulated bio-..."
...…Camellia sinensis and in Capsicum annuum by foliar application of different biotic and abiotic elicitors (Chandra et al. 2014a, b, 2017; Chakraborty et al. 2015b, 2016; Chakraborty and Acharya 2016), showing its involvement in the signal transduction process leading to induced defense responses....
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TL;DR: This review presents up-to-date information on blister blight disease which would help the future researchers to understand the host-pathogen interaction and the effective control measures to be adopt in a better way.
20 citations
TL;DR: Observations suggests that fungal toxin at a concentration 100 mgL−1 and by habituation technique can be use as a selection method for the production of disease resistant medicinally important crop like W. somnifera without altering its secondary metabolite production.
7 citations
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TL;DR: This assay is very reproducible and rapid with the dye binding process virtually complete in approximately 2 min with good color stability for 1 hr with little or no interference from cations such as sodium or potassium nor from carbohydrates such as sucrose.
225,085 citations
"Ex vivo analyses of formulated bio-..." refers methods in this paper
...Estimation of total protein content The standard Bradford assay (Bradford 1976) was employed, using bovine serum albumin as a standard, to test the protein concentration of each extract....
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TL;DR: Evidence that a copper enzyme, polyphenoloxidase (otherwise known as tyrosinase or catecholase), is localized in the chloroplasts of spinach beet (chard), Beta vu?garis is presented.
Abstract: The chloroplast, as the seat of chlorophyll pigments in plants, occupies a unique position in the economy of the green cell. In recent years there has been a renewed interest in the reactions and properties of chloroplasts as a result of the work of Hill (11, 12) and Hill and Scarisbrick (13, 14) who demonstrated that the reaction characteristic of photosynthesis in green plants, the evolution of oxygen, occurs in appreciable quantities in isolated chloroplasts under the influence of light and in the presence of suitable oxidants (2, 7, 8, 26). In the course of an investigation of oxygen evolution by isolated chloroplasts it was deemed important to explore their enzymatic composition. Of special interest were considered enzymes capable of participating in oxidation-reduction reactions, and more particularly, those localized principally, if not entirely, in the chloroplasts. This paper presents evidence that a copper enzyme, polyphenoloxidase (otherwise known as tyrosinase or catecholase), is localized in the chloroplasts of spinach beet (chard), Beta vu?garis.
20,139 citations
"Ex vivo analyses of formulated bio-..." refers methods in this paper
...Total chlorophyll was estimated following Arnon’s method (Arnon 1949)....
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TL;DR: In this article, a simple colorimetric determination of proline in the 0.1 to 36.0 μmoles/g range of fresh weight leaf material was presented.
Abstract: Proline, which increases proportionately faster than other amino acids in plants under water stress, has been suggested as an evaluating parameter for irrigation scheduling and for selecting drought-resistant varieties. The necessity to analyze numerous samples from multiple replications of field grown materials prompted the development of a simple, rapid colorimetric determination of proline. The method detected proline in the 0.1 to 36.0 μmoles/g range of fresh weight leaf material.
15,328 citations
"Ex vivo analyses of formulated bio-..." refers methods in this paper
...Estimation of total proline content Free proline content was assayed in accordance with the method of Bates et al. (1973)....
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TL;DR: Observations confirm that the electron donor for the scavenging of hydrogen peroxide in chloroplasts is L-ascorbate and that the L-ASCorbate is regenerated from DHA by the system: photosystem I-*ferredoxin-*NADP^>glutathione and a preliminary characterization of the chloroplast peroxidase is given.
Abstract: Intact spinach chloroplasts scavenge hydrogen peroxide with a peroxidase that uses a photoreductant as the electron donor, but the activity of ruptured chloroplasts is very low [Nakano and Asada (1980) Plant & Cell Physiol. 21: 1295]. Ruptured spinach chloroplasts recovered their ability to photoreduce hydrogen peroxide with the concomitant evolution of oxygen after the addition of glutathione and dehydroascorbate (DHA). In ruptured chloroplasts, DHA was photoreduced to ascorbate and oxygen was evolved in the process in the presence of glutathione. DHA reductase (EC 1.8.5.1) and a peroxidase whose electron donor is specific to L-ascorbate are localized in chloroplast stroma. These observations confirm that the electron donor for the scavenging of hydrogen peroxide in chloroplasts is L-ascorbate and that the L-ascorbate is regenerated from DHA by the system: photosystem I-*ferredoxin-*NADP^>glutathione. A preliminary characterization of the chloroplast peroxidase is given.
8,406 citations
"Ex vivo analyses of formulated bio-..." refers methods in this paper
...APX was assayed according to Nakano and Asada (1981)....
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TL;DR: In this article, two complementary colorimetric methods, aluminum chloride method and 2,4-dini trophenylhydrazine method, were used to determine the real content of total flavonoids in propolis.
3,899 citations