Examination of intergenerational occupational mobility among Indian women
13 Jul 2018-International Journal of Social Economics (Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.)-Vol. 45, Iss: 7, pp 1071-1091
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the intergenerational occupational mobility for young women (vis-a-vis their mothers) in India and six of its states from its diverse geographic regions which contribute 39 percent of the Indian population.
Abstract: Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the intergenerational occupational mobility for young women (vis-a-vis their mothers) in India and six of its states from its diverse geographic regions which contribute 39 percent of the Indian population.
Design/methodology/approach
The study uses transition/mobility matrices and multiple mobility measures for examination of intergenerational occupational mobility among young females in India by using the data from the “India Youth Survey: Situation and Needs” from the year 2006 to 2007.
Findings
The study finds that intergenerational occupational mobility among the young women in India is about 71 percent, but surprisingly it is predominantly downwards. The urban areas have higher occupational mobility than the rural areas. However, upward intergenerational occupational mobility is lower among the young SC/ST women compared to the young women belonging to the “Others” caste category. Moreover, upward mobility in the economically and demographically poorer states is much lower than that of other states.
Originality/value
The present study is the only study which examines how women perform vis-a-vis their mothers in terms of occupational attainment in the Indian context.
Citations
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the inclusiveness of Indian economic growth by looking at the changes in socioeconomic inequalities in regular employment over the period 1993-1994 to 2009-2010.
Abstract: Using data from nationally representative employment and unemployment surveys, this article examines the inclusiveness of Indian economic growth by looking at the changes in socio-economic inequalities in regular employment over the period 1993–1994 to 2009–2010. Our findings reveal that, at the all India level, socio-economic inequalities in regular employment increased minutely during 1993–1994 to 2009–2010. However, the changes at the regional level are mixed. Regions of the North, Central and East show a decrease against an increase in Western and North Eastern regions. In the Southern region, the socio-economic inequalities in regular employment have remained almost same. A partir de donnees issues d’enquetes representatives a l’echelle nationale sur l’emploi et le chomage, cet article cherche a evaluer dans quelle mesure la croissance economique de l’Inde est inclusive en examinant l’evolution des inegalites socio-economiques dans l’acces a l’emploi regulier pendant la periode 1993–1994 a 2009–2010. Nos resultats montrent que, au niveau national, les inegalites socio-economiques dans l’acces a l’emploi regulier ont tres peu evolue au cours de la periode en question. Cependant, la situation varie d’une region a l’autre. On constate en effet une reduction des inegalites dans les regions du nord, du centre et de l’est alors qu’elles ont augmente dans les regions de l’ouest et du nord-est. Dans la region du sud, les inegalites socio-economiques dans l’acces a l’emploi regulier n’ont quasiment pas evolue.
11 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the changes in intergenerational mobility seen in Spain during the last century and examined educational and occupational mobility, paying particular attention to the existence of a differentiated gender effect.
Abstract: This paper explores the changes in intergenerational mobility seen in Spain during the last century. It examines educational and occupational mobility, paying particular attention to the existence of a differentiated gender effect. The magnitude of the historical changes that have taken place in Spain during the twentieth century and the scarcity of studies in this field increase the value of this paper. More specifically, the paper seeks to describe how the situation has changed with the social–economic and education policy developments in democratic Spain, especially with regards to women. The main results show that while educational mobility has improved, there has been no such significant change in occupational mobility.
10 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the inequality of educational opportunity in completion of primary (and secondary) schooling among females is more than twice (and nearly twice) that among males, and only 20% of total schooling opportunities needed for universal completion of secondary schooling are available and equitably distributed, a figure substantially lower than that for males (35 per cent).
Abstract: Using data from the ‘Youth in India: Situation and Needs’ survey, this article provides perhaps the first estimates of inequality of opportunity in schooling outcomes for males and females separately for six Indian states. The inequality of educational opportunity in completion of primary (and secondary) schooling among females is more than twice (and nearly twice) that among males. Further, among females, only 20 per cent of total schooling opportunities needed for universal completion of secondary schooling are available and equitably distributed, a figure substantially lower than that for males (35 per cent). We also find stark inter-state variations in gender differential in inequality of educational opportunities.
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used two rounds of Indian National Family Health Surveys, and concepts of Inequality of Opportunity and Human Opportunity Indices to measure inequality arising out of unequal access to primary education for Indian children.
Abstract: Every child deserves an opportunity of quality education. If a child's access to education depends on circumstances such as caste, religion, gender, place of birth, or other parental characteristics, then it leads to disparity in access based on circumstances which are beyond the control of a child. This unacceptable disparity (inequality of opportunity) needs to be measured and addressed by policy interventions. Using two rounds of Indian National Family Health Surveys, and concepts of Inequality of Opportunity and Human Opportunity Indices this paper measures inequality arising out of unequal access to primary education for Indian children. The results suggest overall high level of inequality of educational opportunity with substantial geographical variations. Inequality of opportunity in access to primary education reduced during 1992-93 to 2005-06 but the reduction varied considerably across different geographical regions, which calls for regional focus apart from national level policy revisions.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined intergenerational occupational mobility among rural males in India using data from household surveys in ten villages in different agro-ecological regions of the country.
Abstract: Given the relatively limited employment opportunities available within villages, the main vehicle for intergenerational occupational mobility for people in rural India is migration to urban or semi-urban areas. At the same time, since 69 per cent of India's population still lives in villages, it is important to examine and understand the level of intergenerational occupational mobility within villages themselves. This paper examines intergenerational occupational mobility among rural males in India using data from household surveys in ten villages in different agro-ecological regions of the country. The mobility matrix approach is applied to two father-son pairs: heads of households and their fathers and heads of households and co-resident adult sons. A four-fold occupational classification is used: big farmers, small farmers, skilled workers and persons engaged in business or salaried employment, and lastly, rural manual workers. The main finding of the paper is of low intergenerational occupational mobility in all ten villages, particularly among big farmers and rural manual workers. Intergenerational occupational immobility was higher among manual workers from Scheduled Castes than manual workers from Other Castes. Odds ratios showed that downward mobility from any occupation to that of manual worker was higher for Scheduled Caste men than men of Other Castes. The data strongly support the view that Scheduled Caste men who remain in villages are unable to move out of rural manual employment.
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