Examination of intergenerational occupational mobility among Indian women
13 Jul 2018-International Journal of Social Economics (Emerald Group Publishing Ltd.)-Vol. 45, Iss: 7, pp 1071-1091
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the intergenerational occupational mobility for young women (vis-a-vis their mothers) in India and six of its states from its diverse geographic regions which contribute 39 percent of the Indian population.
Abstract: Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the intergenerational occupational mobility for young women (vis-a-vis their mothers) in India and six of its states from its diverse geographic regions which contribute 39 percent of the Indian population.
Design/methodology/approach
The study uses transition/mobility matrices and multiple mobility measures for examination of intergenerational occupational mobility among young females in India by using the data from the “India Youth Survey: Situation and Needs” from the year 2006 to 2007.
Findings
The study finds that intergenerational occupational mobility among the young women in India is about 71 percent, but surprisingly it is predominantly downwards. The urban areas have higher occupational mobility than the rural areas. However, upward intergenerational occupational mobility is lower among the young SC/ST women compared to the young women belonging to the “Others” caste category. Moreover, upward mobility in the economically and demographically poorer states is much lower than that of other states.
Originality/value
The present study is the only study which examines how women perform vis-a-vis their mothers in terms of occupational attainment in the Indian context.
Citations
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References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the intergenerational occupational mobility among men born during 1945-1985 in India and used the Altham Statistic as a measure of distance between son-father occupation associations across birth cohorts/social groups.
Abstract: We examine the intergenerational occupational mobility among men born during 1945–1985 in India. We distinguish between prevalence and association, and use the Altham Statistic as a measure of distance between son-father occupation associations across birth cohorts/social groups. We also attempt to isolate the specific odds ratios that account for the largest part of the distance. We find that the mobility in the 1975–1984 birth cohort is higher than the mobility in the 1945–1954 birth cohort. Scheduled Castes/Tribes born during 1965–1984 experienced a higher mobility compared with the entire 1965–1984 birth cohort or higher castes born during 1965–1984.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used small area estimation techniques to update Vietnam's province and district-level poverty map to 2009 and found that poverty rates continue to be highest in the northern and central mountainous regions, where ethnic minorities make up a large fraction of the population.
Abstract: This paper uses small area estimation techniques to update Vietnam's province and district-level poverty map to 2009. It finds that poverty rates continue to be highest in the northern and central mountainous regions, where ethnic minorities make up a large fraction of the population. Poverty has fallen in most provinces and districts over this decade, but the pace of poverty reduction has been least pronounced in those localities with high initial poverty or inequality levels. As a result, poverty rates have become more spatially concentrated over time, which is consistent with widely observed growth processes linked to agglomeration. The authors hypothesize that this makes geographic targeting of the poor more relevant as a means to re-balance growing welfare disparities between geographic areas. Simulations indicate that in both 1999 and 2009, geographic targeting for poverty alleviation improves upon a uniform lump-sum transfer and this becomes more evident the more spatially disaggregated the target populations. The analysis further indicates that the gains from geographic targeting have become more pronounced over time in Vietnam. Although poverty reduction in Vietnam has been impressive, further progress may thus warrant increased attention to geographic targeting.
39 citations
TL;DR: A significant negative association between grade attainment and age at first birth is found, suggesting that the deterioration of school quality and shift in the age pattern of enrollment that accompanied educational expansion may have compromised the transformative potential of education.
Abstract: The expansion of female education has been promoted as a way to postpone the age of first birth. In sub-Saharan Africa, the first cohorts to benefit from policies that expanded access to education are now reaching adulthood and beginning childbearing. I investigate whether the expansion of education in Malawi, which implemented a free primary education policy in 1994 and subsequently expanded secondary schooling, has led to a later age at first birth and whether the education gradient in fertility timing has remained stable over time. Despite increases in female grade attainment over the past twenty years, the age at first birth has not changed. Using instrumental variables analysis, I find a significant negative association between grade attainment and age at first birth, suggesting that the deterioration of school quality and shift in the age pattern of enrollment that accompanied educational expansion may have compromised the transformative potential of education.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the educational outcomes of children living in female-headed households were investigated using nationally representative data from rural India, and the relative improvements in children's schooling outcomes within different households that correspond to marginal improvements in households' educational and economic status.
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TL;DR: This paper analyzed the trends in and patterns of educational mobility from 1992/93 to 2006, with a special emphasis on the roles played by gender and geography, and found that almost 70 percent of the variance in children education can be accounted for by parental education and geographic location.
Abstract: India experienced sustained economic growth for more than two decades following the economic liberalization in 1991. While economic growth reduced poverty significantly, it was also associated with an increase in inequality. Does this increase in inequality reflect deep-seated inequality of opportunity or efficient incentive structure in a market oriented economy? This paper provides evidence on economic mobility in post-reform India by focusing on educational attainment of children. We use two related measures of immobility: sibling and intergenerational correlations. We analyze the trends in and patterns of educational mobility from 1992/93 to 2006, with a special emphasis on the roles played by gender and geography. The evidence shows that family background plays a strong role; the estimated sibling correlation in India in 2006 is higher than the available estimates for Latin American countries. There is a persistent gender gap in rural and less-developed areas. The only group that experienced substantial improvements is women in urban and developed areas. Men experienced little or no upward mobility. Almost 70 percent of the variance in children’s education can be accounted for by parental education and geographic location. We provide possible explanations for the apparently puzzling improvements for urban women in a country with strong son preference.
26 citations