Experimental and environmental factors in cancer. A review of research with animals.

doi:10.1097/00006842-197005000-00005

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Experimental and environmental factors in cancer. A review of research with animals.

Journal Article•DOI•

Experimental and environmental factors in cancer. A review of research with animals.

01 May 1970-Psychosomatic Medicine (Psychosom Med)-Vol. 32, Iss: 3, pp 259-276

TL;DR: The scientific evidence strongly supports the notion that center in animals can be influenced by experiential manipulations, and that further research afforts by psychologists are empirically justified.

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Abstract: The animal research dealing with experiential and environmental factors in cancer is reviewed. Despite the absence of a systematic approach to the role of psychologic factors in the pathogenesis of tumor states, it is concluded that the scientific evidence strongly supports the notion that center in

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Journal Article•

Laboratory routines cause animal stress.

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Jonathan Balcombe¹, Neal D. Barnard, Chad B. Sandusky•Institutions (1)

Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine¹

01 Nov 2004-Contemporary Topics in Laboratory Animal Science

TL;DR: The data suggest that significant fear, stress, and possibly distress are predictable consequences of routine laboratory procedures, and that these phenomena have substantial scientific and humane implications for the use of animals in laboratory research.

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Abstract: Eighty published studies were appraised to document the potential stress associated with three routine laboratory procedures commonly performed on animals: handling, blood collection, and orogastric gavage. We defined handling as any non-invasive manipulation occurring as part of routine husbandry, including lifting an animal and cleaning or moving an animal's cage. Significant changes in physiologic parameters correlated with stress (e.g., serum or plasma concentrations of corticosterone, glucose, growth hormone or prolactin, heart rate, blood pressure, and behavior) were associated with all three procedures in multiple species in the studies we examined. The results of these studies demonstrated that animals responded with rapid, pronounced, and statistically significant elevations in stress-related responses for each of the procedures, although handling elicited variable alterations in immune system responses. Changes from baseline or control measures typically ranged from 20% to 100% or more and lasted at least 30 min or longer. We interpret these findings to indicate that laboratory routines are associated with stress, and that animals do not readily habituate to them. The data suggest that significant fear, stress, and possibly distress are predictable consequences of routine laboratory procedures, and that these phenomena have substantial scientific and humane implications for the use of animals in laboratory research.

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613 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Heart rate and the cardiovascular risk

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Paolo Palatini¹, Stevo Julius²•Institutions (2)

University of Padua¹, University of Michigan²

01 Jan 1997-Journal of Hypertension

TL;DR: Evidence has been accumulating that the heart rate is a major correlate of blood pressure, that it may predict the development of sustained hypertension in subjects with normal or borderline elevated blood pressure values, and that it is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death.

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Abstract: In recent years evidence has been accumulating that the heart rate is a major correlate of blood pressure, that it may predict the development of sustained hypertension in subjects with normal or borderline elevated blood pressure values, and that it is associated with increased risks of cardiovascular and noncardiovascular death. In spite of the evidence physicians tend to overlook these facts, and the heart rate is either ignored or viewed as a particularly benign prognostic sign. The educators in our field also tend to underestimate the value of the topic; most textbooks contain little reference to research results on relationships among the heart rate, hypertension and cardiovascular prognosis.

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508 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Psychosocial factors, immunologic mediation, and human susceptibility to infectious diseases: how much do we know?

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John B. Jemmott¹, Steven E. Locke•Institutions (1)

Princeton University¹

01 Jan 1984-Psychological Bulletin

494 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Stress and cancer.

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Lawrence S. Sklar¹, Hymie Anisman•Institutions (1)

Carleton University¹

01 May 1981-Psychological Bulletin

412 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Stress and coping factors influence tumor growth

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Lawrence S. Sklar¹, Hymie Anisman¹•Institutions (1)

Carleton University¹

03 Aug 1979-Science

TL;DR: Growth of syngeneic P815 mastocytoma in DBA/2J male mice was evaluated and a single session of inescapable shock resulted in earlier tumor appearance, exaggeration of tumor size, and decreased survival time in recipient animals.

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Abstract: Growth of syngeneic P815 mastocytoma in DBA/2J male mice was evaluated as a result of various stress regimens. A single session of inescapable shock resulted in earlier tumor appearance, exaggeration of tumor size, and decreased survival time in recipient animals. Escapable shock had no such effects. The effects of the inescapable shock were mitigated if mice received long-term shock treatment.

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296 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

Psychological states as factors in the development of malignant disease: a critical review.

[...]

Lawrence LeShan

01 Jan 1959-Journal of the National Cancer Institute

184 citations

"Experimental and environmental fact..." refers background or methods in this paper

...The subjects and the tumor systems used were (1) transplanted L1210 leukemia in BDFj mice, (2) chemically induced DMBA (12 dimethylbenzanthracene) mammary tumors in Sprague-Dawley female rats, and (3) Friend virus induced leukemias in BALB/c mice....
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...LeShan LL, Worthington RE: Some psychologic correlates of neoplastic disease: A preliminary report....
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...Exercise consisted of: (1) shocked-conditioned running in a runway; (2) forced swimming, after a brief rest period beginning with a 20-min period and increasing 20 min/day to a maximum of 4 hr; (3) being placed in a revolving drum in which the animals ambulated each night for a recorded distance of 5....
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...Kissen DM, LeShan LL, Eds....
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...LeShan LL: Psychological states as factors in the development of malignant disease: A critical review....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Influence of Environment on Mammary Cancer in Mice

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Howard B. Andervont¹•Institutions (1)

United States Public Health Service¹

01 Jun 1944-Journal of the National Cancer Institute

83 citations

"Experimental and environmental fact..." refers background or methods or result in this paper

...(1) no exercise (2) postimplant exercise (3) pre- and postimplant exercise (4) no exercise (5) postimplant exercise (6) pre- and postimplant exercise...
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...It is difficult to evaluate these results relative to the work of Andervont (5) and Rusch and Kline (7) as there are no statistical analyses reported in the latter studies and also because in the Rusch and Kline study, the investigators worked with both a different strain of mice and carcinogen....
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...In three replications in which female C8H mice were used, Andervont (5) found that virgin animals isolated into separate cages at 4 and 20 weeks of age developed mammary tumors earlier than did mice housed 8 in a cage....
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Psychophysiological effects of infantile stimulation

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S. Levine

22 Oct 1962

81 citations

Additional excerpts

...Levine (13) reports the results of an unpublished study by Levine and Cohen in which stimulated rats subjected to leukemia survived longer than nonstimulated rats....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Psychosomatic aspects of cancer: a review.

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George M. Perrin, Irene R. Pierce

01 Sep 1959-Psychosomatic Medicine

TL;DR: Specific suggestions are made for future research in this field, specifically in regard to the selection of cancer patients, the nature of control groups, thenature of measuring instruments, terminology, and statistical analysis.

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Abstract: &NA; The literature on the psychological aspects of cancer has been critically reviewed under 4 main categories, and the following generalizations may be made: 1. Published studies suggest a slightly higher cancer death rate in hospitalized psychotic patients than in the normal population; the reason for this is obscure and may well be due to the inadequacy of the statistics. 2. The psychological reactions and defenses of persons to the development of cancer are reported to be similar to those found in neurotic patients. Particularly prominent are depression and a sense of guilt. 3. Some authors report the development of cancer secondary to emotional trauma, or believe that cancer appears in patients with specific immature types of personality. 4. One group reports that established cancer grows more slowly in less inhibited individuals. The methods used in these studies may be grouped into 4 basic types‐‐anecdotal, interview and case history, sociological and demographic analysis, and psychological testing. Unfortunately most of the studies suffer from inadequacy of design, and consequently the reported findings are subject to question. Specific suggestions are made for future research in this field, specifically in regard to the selection of cancer patients, the nature of control groups, the nature of measuring instruments, terminology, and statistical analysis. It is hoped that adoption of such suggestions by future investigators will open the way for more fruitful and scientific research in this complex field.

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74 citations

"Experimental and environmental fact..." refers background or methods in this paper

...Perrin GM, Pierce LR: Psychosomatic aspects of cancer: A review....
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...The subjects and the tumor systems used were (1) transplanted L1210 leukemia in BDFj mice, (2) chemically induced DMBA (12 dimethylbenzanthracene) mammary tumors in Sprague-Dawley female rats, and (3) Friend virus induced leukemias in BALB/c mice....
[...]
...Exercise consisted of: (1) shocked-conditioned running in a runway; (2) forced swimming, after a brief rest period beginning with a 20-min period and increasing 20 min/day to a maximum of 4 hr; (3) being placed in a revolving drum in which the animals ambulated each night for a recorded distance of 5....
[...]
...(1) no exercise (2) postimplant exercise (3) pre- and postimplant exercise (4) no exercise (5) postimplant exercise (6) pre- and postimplant exercise...
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...At 21 days of age, the mice were randomly distributed over four types of cage conditions: (1) a zinc cage, 37 X 47 X 20 cm, containing 50 animals; (2) a zinc cage, 37 X 47 X 20 cm partitioned into 10 sections, each of which contained 5 animals; (3) a glass jar, 12 X 17 X 15 cm, containing 5 animals; and (4) a round pot, 10 cm in diameter, containing 1 animal....
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Journal Article•

The Effect of Exercise on the Growth of a Mouse Tumor

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H. P. Rusch, B. E. Kline

01 Feb 1944-Cancer Research

TL;DR: In this article, the influence of forced exercise on the rate of tumor growth was studied on a series of mice bearing transplantable tumors and it was shown that forced exercise can inhibit tumor growth by subjecting animals to forced exercise and thus eliminating the excess energy.

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Abstract: There is considerable evidence to indicate that an inhibition of tumor growth is observed in animals maintained on a nutrit ionally adequate diet but limited in caloric intake (1, 5, 11, 12). This effect appears to be due entirely to the caloric restriction rather than to the lack of some specific growth factor. The result is especially significant since the animals maintained on the curtailed rations are generally in better health and outlive those allowed food ad libitum (5, 11). This caloric effect is not limited to laboratory animals but may pertain to human beings as well, since a review of insurance statistics concerned with the relationship of body weight to cancer incidence has shown that persons of average weight or less are not so likely to develop cancer as those who are overweight (10). It follows that the avoidance of overweight through restriction of food intake may aid in the prevention of human cancer or at least delay its onset. These observations indicate that neoplastic cells are not so likely to develop or to become established if little or no excess energy remains after the bodily requirements have been met. If this assumption is correct, it might be possible to inhibit tumor growth by subjecting animals to forced exercise and thus uti l izing the excess energy. To test this possibility the influence of forced exercise on the rate of tumor growth was studied on a series of mice bearing transplantable tumors.

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67 citations

"Experimental and environmental fact..." refers background or result in this paper

...It is difficult to evaluate these results relative to the work of Andervont (5) and Rusch and Kline (7) as there are no statistical analyses reported in the latter studies and also because in the Rusch and Kline study, the investigators worked with both a different strain of mice and carcinogen....
[...]
...Rusch HP, Kline BE: The effect of exercise on the growth of a mouse tumor....
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...It is difficult to evaluate these results relative to the work of Andervont (5) and Rusch and Kline (7) as there are no statistical analyses reported in the latter studies and also because in the Rusch and Kline study, the investigators worked with both a different strain of mice and carcinogen....
[...]
...As no mortality data as a function of exercise are presented by Rusch and Kline, it is not known whether survival time following the sarcoma transplantation is increased with forced exercise....
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...In a study investigating the effect of exercise on tumor growth in mice, Rusch and Kline (7) inoculated male ABC mice...
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