Experimental Investigation of Applicability of Sand Tire Chip Mixtures as Retaining Wall Backfill
17 Mar 2015-pp 1420-1429
TL;DR: In this paper, the behavior of a cantilever retaining wall (CRW) backfilled with light weight fill material through small scale model wall tests was explained. But the model wall was installed in a Perspex container, tested under static and seismic loading conditions.
Abstract: This paper explains the behavior of a cantilever retaining wall (CRW) backfilled with light weight fill material through small scale model wall tests. CRW model of height 60 cm and base width 50 cm was built with hollow aluminum sections. The model wall was installed in a Perspex container, tested under static and seismic loading conditions. Waste tire chips of 1 cm square cross section and 20 mm length mixed with the cohesionless sand in 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight were used as light weight backfill material. Concrete cubes were used as surcharge loading on the backfill during static testing. The lateral wall movements along the height of the wall were monitored during tests using displacement transformers. 1g shaking table tests have been conducted on the selective models to check the behavior of the cantilever wall under seismic loading conditions. It has been observed that the inclusion of tire chips in the backfill soil has led to the reduction of lateral wall movements due to the lesser unit weight of the mixtures. The reduction in the acceleration of the backfill was also observed during seismic testing in sand-tire chip (S-TC) backfill compared to the controlled case (only sand).
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TL;DR: Doi et al. as discussed by the authors studied the ground surface settlement caused by the Greater Cairo Metro Line 3 - Phase-1 tunneling project, which was constructed by a slurry shield tunnel boring machine (TBM).
Abstract: Underground structures play an important role in achieving the requirements of rapid urban development such as tunnels, parking garages, facilities, etc. To achieve what is needed, new transportation methods have been proposed to solve traffic congestion problems by using of high-speed railway and subway tunnels. One of the issues in urban spaces due to tunnel excavation is considerable surface settlements that also induce problems for surface structures. There are a variety of published relationships concerned with field measurements and theoretical approaches to evaluating the amount of the maximum surface settlement value due to tunneling. This paper studies the ground surface settlement caused by the Greater Cairo Metro – Line 3 - Phase-1. This project was constructed by a slurry shield Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM). Therefore, this work consists of two parts. The first part presents the details of the project and monitoring results field and laboratory geotechnical investigations in order to determine the soil properties. The second part is to the comparison between the field measurements and theoretical approaches for surface settlement due to tunneling construction. At the end of the works, the results show that the more convenient methods which approach the field measurements, and the major transverse settlement occurs within the area about 2.6 times the diameter of the tunnel excavation. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091617 Full Text: PDF
44 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of scrap tire derived (STD) geomaterials in geotechnical engineering applications has received growing interest to prevent creation of wastes and conserve natural resources towards achieving sustainability.
Abstract: Use of scrap tire derived (STD) geomaterials in geotechnical engineering applications has received growing interest to prevent creation of wastes and conserve natural resources towards achieving sustainability. STD geomaterials and their mixtures with soils are being used in highway embankments, retaining walls, landfills and other applications as lightweight fill, backfill, compressible inclusion, vibration absorber, and drainage material. The use of STD geomaterials in these applications has been affirmed by characterization of the engineering properties based on laboratory tests and performance assessment based on physical model studies. This paper provides a review of engineering properties of STD geomaterials and their mixtures with soil (predominantly sand) based on published studies. Further, laboratory model and field studies on typical applications of STD geomaterials/mixtures such as retaining walls, foundations, embankments, and landfills are discussed. Overall, STD geomaterial alone or sand mixed with optimal STD content of 30–40% by weight has been shown to be effective for geoengineering applications.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the dynamic response of retaining wall models backfilled with different types of sand-tyre chips (STC) mixtures using shaking table tests is presented, and the STC mixtures with different tyre c...
Abstract: This paper presents the dynamic response of retaining wall models backfilled with different types of sand–tyre chips (STC) mixtures using shaking table tests. The STC mixtures with different tyre c...
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the backfill behind a retaining wall can be constructed with sand-tire chips (STC) mixture; this can lead to reduced horizontal displacements and earth pressures on the wall.
Abstract: Previous research has shown that the backfill behind a retaining wall can be constructed with sand–tire chips (STC) mixture; this can lead to reduced horizontal displacements and earth pressures on...
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a set of results of plate load tests that imposed incremental cyclic loading to a sandy soil bed containing multiple layers of granulated rubber-soil mixture (RSM) at large model scale were presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a set of results of plate load tests that imposed incremental cyclic loading to a sandy soil bed containing multiple layers of granulated rubber-soil mixture (RSM) at large model scale. Loading and unloading cycles were applied with amplitudes incrementally increasing from 140 to 700 kPa in five steps. A thickness of the RSM layer of approximately 0.4 times the footing diameter was found to deliver the minimum total and residual settlements, irrespective of the level of applied cyclic load. Both the total and residual settlements decrease with increase in the number of RSM layers, regardless of the level of applied cyclic load, but the rate of reduction in both settlements reduces with increase in the number of RSM layers. When the thickness of the RSM layer is smaller, or larger, settlements increase and, at large thicknesses may even exceed those of untreated soil. Layers of the RSM reduced the vertical stress transferred through the foundation depth by distributing the load over a wider area. With the inclusion of RSM layers, the coefficient of elastic uniform compression decreases by a factor of around 3-4. A softer response was obtained when more RSM layers were included beneath the footing damping capacity improves appreciably when the sand bed incorporates RSM layers. Numerical modeling using “FLAC-3D” confirms that multiple RSM layers will improve the performance of a foundation under heavy loading.
9 citations
Cites background from "Experimental Investigation of Appli..."
...…(as a single layer or as a large mass of rubber-soil mixture) in construction of foundations bed, embankments and retaining wall (Bosscher et al. 1997; Yoon et al., 2006; Hataf and Rahimi, 2005; Moghaddas Tafreshi and Norouzi, 2012; 2015; Dammala et al., 2015; Reddy and Murali Krishna, 2015; 2016)....
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...Several investigations have highlighted the beneficial use of rubber-soil mixture (as a single layer or as a large mass of rubber-soil mixture) in construction of foundations bed, embankments and retaining wall (Bosscher et al. 1997; Yoon et al., 2006; Hataf and Rahimi, 2005; Moghaddas Tafreshi and Norouzi, 2012; 2015; Dammala et al., 2015; Reddy and Murali Krishna, 2015; 2016)....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of using shredded tires as a lightweight backfill material for retaining walls has been investigated, and the results indicate that shredded tires have a definite potential to be used as a backfill for retaining structures.
120 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a relatively uniform sand has been mixed with randomly distributed waste tire shreds with rectangular shape and compacted at 2° of compaction to obtain a uniformly distributed mixture.
Abstract: This paper presents the usefulness of optimizing the size of waste tire shreds on shear strength parameters of sand reinforced with shredded waste tires. A relatively, uniform sand has been mixed with randomly distributed waste tire shreds with rectangular shape and compacted at 2° of compaction. Waste tire shreds were prepared with a special cutter in three widths of 2, 3, and 4 cm and various lengths for each shred width. Three shred contents of 15, 30, and 50% by volume were chosen and mixed with the sand to obtain a uniformly distributed mixture. In order to compare the shear strength of different sand.tire shred samples, two compaction efforts in terms of sand matrix unit weights of 15.5 and 16.8 kN/m³ were considered. The results show that the influencing parameters on shear strength characteristics of sand.shred mixtures are normal stress, sand matrix unit weight, shred content, shred width, and aspect ratio of tire shreds. With the selected widths of shreds, compaction efforts, shred contents, and the variations of aspect ratios, it is possible to increase the initial friction angle Φ1 up to 113.5%, that is Φ1 = 67°. The average value for the influence of aspect ratio variations on increase in friction angle of the mixtures for all tests has been found to be about 25%. These average values for lower and higher compacted samples containing different widths and aspect rations were 37.6 and 17.2%, respectively. It has been investigated that for a given width of tire rectangular shreds, there is solely a certain length, which gives the greatest initial friction angle for sand.tire shred mixtures. This is the main contribution of this paper.
116 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a 4.88m-high retaining wall test facility was constructed to test tire shreds as retaining wall backfill, and the front wall of the facility could be rotated outward away from the fill and was instrumented to measure the horizontal stress.
Abstract: A 4.88-m-high retaining wall test facility was constructed to test tire shreds as retaining wall backfill. The front wall of the facility could be rotated outward away from the fill and was instrumented to measure the horizontal stress. Measurement of movement within the backfill and settlement of the backfill surface during wall rotation allowed estimation of the pattern of movement within the fill. Tests were conducted with tire shreds from three suppliers. The horizontal stress at a rotation about the base of 0.01H was about the same for tire shreds from the three suppliers. Moreover, horizontal stress at this rotation for tire shreds was approximately 35% less than the active stress expected for conventional granular backfill. Design parameters were developed using two procedures; the first used the coefficient of lateral earth pressure and the other was based on equivalent fluid pressure. The inclination of the sliding plane with respect to horizontal was estimated to range from 61 deg (1.06 rad) to 70 deg (1.22 rad) for the three types of shreds.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the interparticle frictional component was separated from the total shear strength according to the energy correction concept proposed by researchers, and the experimental results showed that all five tire chip products have ultimate internal friction angles of 45° to over 60°.
Abstract: Triaxial compression tests following stress paths of constant σ 1 were conducted to determine the shear strength of five processed scrap tire products having different gradations and particle shapes. The interparticle frictional component was separated from the total shear strength according to the energy correction concept proposed by researchers. The experimental results show that all five tire chip products have ultimate internal friction angles of 45° to over 60°. The interparticle frictional component of the strength was fully mobilized and nearly reached a constant value after approximately 5% axial strain. The experimental results confirmed that the strength parameter obtained with constant σ 1 was more reasonable. This finding is supported by field observation in which the tire chips have an angle of repose ranging from 37° to 43° (loosely stock piled) and up to 85° (compacted). The engineering applications of the experimental results are discussed.
92 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a test road was built to study the constructability, durability, and performance of tire chips as a new construction material and the road was made up of six sections to examine the effects of tire chip size, method of placement, and soil cap thickness on road performance.
Abstract: Growing piles of discarded tires create fire and health hazards. Current disposal methods are wasteful and costly. This paper presents the results of an investigation into the potential of shredded tires as fill material in road construction. A test road was built to study the constructability, durability, and performance of tire chips as a new construction material. The road was made up of six sections to examine the effects of (1) Tire‐chip size; (2) method of placement; and (3) soil‐cap thickness on road performance. The field operation proved that use of shredded tires in road construction poses no major handling or placement problems. However, the high compressibility of tire chips and their tendency to shift laterally under compaction equipment need to be noted. The performance of the test road was monitored under freeze‐thaw conditions and under service loads. The road showed acceptable performance with moderate maintenance requirements and minimum undesirable effects on ground water quality under ...
72 citations