Experimental Investigation of Applicability of Sand Tire Chip Mixtures as Retaining Wall Backfill
17 Mar 2015-pp 1420-1429
TL;DR: In this paper, the behavior of a cantilever retaining wall (CRW) backfilled with light weight fill material through small scale model wall tests was explained. But the model wall was installed in a Perspex container, tested under static and seismic loading conditions.
Abstract: This paper explains the behavior of a cantilever retaining wall (CRW) backfilled with light weight fill material through small scale model wall tests. CRW model of height 60 cm and base width 50 cm was built with hollow aluminum sections. The model wall was installed in a Perspex container, tested under static and seismic loading conditions. Waste tire chips of 1 cm square cross section and 20 mm length mixed with the cohesionless sand in 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight were used as light weight backfill material. Concrete cubes were used as surcharge loading on the backfill during static testing. The lateral wall movements along the height of the wall were monitored during tests using displacement transformers. 1g shaking table tests have been conducted on the selective models to check the behavior of the cantilever wall under seismic loading conditions. It has been observed that the inclusion of tire chips in the backfill soil has led to the reduction of lateral wall movements due to the lesser unit weight of the mixtures. The reduction in the acceleration of the backfill was also observed during seismic testing in sand-tire chip (S-TC) backfill compared to the controlled case (only sand).
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TL;DR: Doi et al. as discussed by the authors studied the ground surface settlement caused by the Greater Cairo Metro Line 3 - Phase-1 tunneling project, which was constructed by a slurry shield tunnel boring machine (TBM).
Abstract: Underground structures play an important role in achieving the requirements of rapid urban development such as tunnels, parking garages, facilities, etc. To achieve what is needed, new transportation methods have been proposed to solve traffic congestion problems by using of high-speed railway and subway tunnels. One of the issues in urban spaces due to tunnel excavation is considerable surface settlements that also induce problems for surface structures. There are a variety of published relationships concerned with field measurements and theoretical approaches to evaluating the amount of the maximum surface settlement value due to tunneling. This paper studies the ground surface settlement caused by the Greater Cairo Metro – Line 3 - Phase-1. This project was constructed by a slurry shield Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM). Therefore, this work consists of two parts. The first part presents the details of the project and monitoring results field and laboratory geotechnical investigations in order to determine the soil properties. The second part is to the comparison between the field measurements and theoretical approaches for surface settlement due to tunneling construction. At the end of the works, the results show that the more convenient methods which approach the field measurements, and the major transverse settlement occurs within the area about 2.6 times the diameter of the tunnel excavation. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091617 Full Text: PDF
44 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of scrap tire derived (STD) geomaterials in geotechnical engineering applications has received growing interest to prevent creation of wastes and conserve natural resources towards achieving sustainability.
Abstract: Use of scrap tire derived (STD) geomaterials in geotechnical engineering applications has received growing interest to prevent creation of wastes and conserve natural resources towards achieving sustainability. STD geomaterials and their mixtures with soils are being used in highway embankments, retaining walls, landfills and other applications as lightweight fill, backfill, compressible inclusion, vibration absorber, and drainage material. The use of STD geomaterials in these applications has been affirmed by characterization of the engineering properties based on laboratory tests and performance assessment based on physical model studies. This paper provides a review of engineering properties of STD geomaterials and their mixtures with soil (predominantly sand) based on published studies. Further, laboratory model and field studies on typical applications of STD geomaterials/mixtures such as retaining walls, foundations, embankments, and landfills are discussed. Overall, STD geomaterial alone or sand mixed with optimal STD content of 30–40% by weight has been shown to be effective for geoengineering applications.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the dynamic response of retaining wall models backfilled with different types of sand-tyre chips (STC) mixtures using shaking table tests is presented, and the STC mixtures with different tyre c...
Abstract: This paper presents the dynamic response of retaining wall models backfilled with different types of sand–tyre chips (STC) mixtures using shaking table tests. The STC mixtures with different tyre c...
12 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the backfill behind a retaining wall can be constructed with sand-tire chips (STC) mixture; this can lead to reduced horizontal displacements and earth pressures on the wall.
Abstract: Previous research has shown that the backfill behind a retaining wall can be constructed with sand–tire chips (STC) mixture; this can lead to reduced horizontal displacements and earth pressures on...
9 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a set of results of plate load tests that imposed incremental cyclic loading to a sandy soil bed containing multiple layers of granulated rubber-soil mixture (RSM) at large model scale were presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a set of results of plate load tests that imposed incremental cyclic loading to a sandy soil bed containing multiple layers of granulated rubber-soil mixture (RSM) at large model scale. Loading and unloading cycles were applied with amplitudes incrementally increasing from 140 to 700 kPa in five steps. A thickness of the RSM layer of approximately 0.4 times the footing diameter was found to deliver the minimum total and residual settlements, irrespective of the level of applied cyclic load. Both the total and residual settlements decrease with increase in the number of RSM layers, regardless of the level of applied cyclic load, but the rate of reduction in both settlements reduces with increase in the number of RSM layers. When the thickness of the RSM layer is smaller, or larger, settlements increase and, at large thicknesses may even exceed those of untreated soil. Layers of the RSM reduced the vertical stress transferred through the foundation depth by distributing the load over a wider area. With the inclusion of RSM layers, the coefficient of elastic uniform compression decreases by a factor of around 3-4. A softer response was obtained when more RSM layers were included beneath the footing damping capacity improves appreciably when the sand bed incorporates RSM layers. Numerical modeling using “FLAC-3D” confirms that multiple RSM layers will improve the performance of a foundation under heavy loading.
9 citations
Cites background from "Experimental Investigation of Appli..."
...…(as a single layer or as a large mass of rubber-soil mixture) in construction of foundations bed, embankments and retaining wall (Bosscher et al. 1997; Yoon et al., 2006; Hataf and Rahimi, 2005; Moghaddas Tafreshi and Norouzi, 2012; 2015; Dammala et al., 2015; Reddy and Murali Krishna, 2015; 2016)....
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...Several investigations have highlighted the beneficial use of rubber-soil mixture (as a single layer or as a large mass of rubber-soil mixture) in construction of foundations bed, embankments and retaining wall (Bosscher et al. 1997; Yoon et al., 2006; Hataf and Rahimi, 2005; Moghaddas Tafreshi and Norouzi, 2012; 2015; Dammala et al., 2015; Reddy and Murali Krishna, 2015; 2016)....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, two cushion materials, recycled tire chips and expanded polystyrene (EPS) boards, are applied on the culvert walls in backfill areas to reduce the dynamic earth pressure induced by the compaction loading as well as to improve the characteristics of compacted soils.
64 citations
TL;DR: The suitability of shredded tires or "tire chips" for use in the leachate collection drainage layer of a municipal solid waste landfill was investigated in terms of the compressibility of the tire chips and resulting changes in hydraulic conductivity under varying applied loads, and effect ofLeachate pH on the shredded tries compressibility and hydraulic conductivities behavior.
56 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a triaxial tests campaign was conducted to investigate the mechanical behavior of chip-sand mixtures and the angle of friction and cohesion for each mixture, and the optimum percentage mass and optimum unit weight, which gives the maximum shear strength, were determined.
Abstract: Waste tyres are more and more widely used for geotechnical applications as backfill material that is either a substitute for natural soils or combined with them. Beyond the economical and environ-mental concern, these materials can help solving problems with low shear strength soils. This study aims at investigating a mechanical behaviour of tyre chip–sand mixtures thanks to a triaxial tests campaign. Two factors were studied: (i) the tyre chip content, from 0 to 100% by mass and (ii) the orientation of the pieces of tyre, with four varying orientation conditions. This paper focuses on the stress–strain behaviour of the different mixtures and their volumetric variation during the tests. The angle of friction and cohesion for each mixture are presented. The optimum percentage mass and optimum unit weight, which gives the maximum shear strength, are also determined. The influence of the different parameters is discussed. 1. INTRODUCTION Tyre disposal is a huge challenge faced by waste management engineers, particu-larly in more economically developed countries where there exist stockpiles of tyres in alarming volumes. Their disposal proves to be a serious problem as tyres do not de-compose. Waste tyres pose a threat to public health and to the environment in terms of current methods of their disposal due to the following three reasons: (i) they occupy large volumes in already overcrowded landfills, (ii) waste tyre storage can be a dangerous fire risk, (iii) waste tyre dumps provide the breeding ground for vermin, including rats and mosquitoes.
50 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the seismic responses of geosynthetically reinforced walls with two types of backfills using shake table tests have been reported, including tire-derived aggregates (TDA) and poorly graded sand.
Abstract: This paper reports the seismic responses of geosynthetically reinforced walls with two types of backfills using shake table tests. The backfills are tire-derived aggregates (TDA) and poorly graded sand, respectively. Mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls with reinforced TDA backfill have not been fully tested under seismic conditions. In this study, two geosynthetically reinforced walls are tested on a one-dimensional shake table. A section of reduced-scale MSE wall (1.6 m high, 1.5 m deep, and 1.5 m long) is built in a box that is anchored on a shake table that can generate earthquake excitations obtained from actual field recordings. Layers of geogrid are used as reinforcement. The geosynthetic reinforcement is based on static external and internal stability design. In each test, the segmental MSE wall is instrumented with accelerometers, linear variable differential transformers, linear potentiometers, and dynamic soil stress gauges to record the accelerations, wall vertical deformations, h...
39 citations
"Experimental Investigation of Appli..." refers background in this paper
...Tire chips act as shock absorbers due to their higher damping compared to sand was one of the reason for reduction of the wall lateral displacement (Xiao et al. 2012)....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of normal stress, tire content, and sand matrix unit weight on the shear characteristics of sand and tire chips were analyzed and discussed using direct shear tests.
Abstract: Disposal scrap tires are environmental dilemma. However, they can improve the characteristics of soil which is an essential material of construction. This paper discusses the shear characteristics of sand after adding various percentages of scrap tires through direct shear tests. It was also the aim of this study to analyze the effects of normal stress, tire content, and sand matrix unit weight. Sand and tire chips were mixed with different weight percentages. Three normal stresses were considered for all the experiments. The internal friction angle and the effects of different parameters in the experiments were analyzed and discussed. The results of the study showed that adding tire chips can improve the shear characteristics of soil.
37 citations