Experimental investigation of structural integrity behavior of High strength low alloy steel – Study of mechanical, microstructural and corrosion behavior of Submerged arc welding weldments:
01 Apr 2021-Vol. 235, Iss: 2, pp 266-273
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of submerged arc welding fluxes for enhanced corrosion resistance of structural steel welds was investigated by varying the basicity index of the submerged arc welding flux.
Abstract: The present study aims at investigating the effect of submerged arc welding fluxes for enhanced corrosion resistance of structural steel welds. By varying the basicity index of submerged arc weldin...
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01 Feb 1992
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of flux ingredients on high strength steel welding was investigated using submerged arc welding and the results showed definite influences of the flux ingredients, both on weld bead morphology and chemical composition of the weld metal.
Abstract: : To achieve the goal of developing adequate shielded metal arc (SMA) welding consumables for advanced high strength steels, the complex relationship between flux coating and base metal must be understood. This report is concerned with the effect of flux ingredients on high strength steel welding. Submerged arc (SA) welding was first used to investigate the performance of 45 experimental flux compositions chosen from the CaCO3-SiO2-K2SiO3-CaF2-Fe system. Bead-onplate welds were produced on 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) thick HSLA-100 steel plates using a 1/16 in. (1.59 mm) diameter Airco AX-140 welding wire. A 1.5 kj/ mm (38.1 kJ/in.) linear heat input was maintained for all welds. To evaluate the effect of the experimental fluxes, two empirical basicity indexes were used: the basicity index (BI) and the Zeke basicity index (Bz). Experimental results showed definite influences of the flux ingredients, both on weld bead morphology and chemical composition of the weld metal. As the basicity of the flux increases, the weld metal oxygen content decreases and the weld metal carbon equivalent (Pcm.) increases. As weld metal oxygen content decreases, the amount of acicular ferrite and Charpy-V-notch impact toughness of the weld metal are observed to increase. The submerged arc welding results also showed that while BI can describe satisfactorily the behavior of basic fluxes, Bz is more appropriate for the acidic fluxes. Using the submerged arc welding data, four fluxes were selected for the extrusion of experimental SMA electrodes. Welding was performed at similar conditions as the submerged arc welds. Slag coverage, weld bead morphology, and weld metal microstructures confirmed the results obtained in submerged arc welding.
5 citations
06 Feb 2023-Proceedings Of The Institution Of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal Of Process Mechanical Engineering
TL;DR: In this article , three BSK 46 weldments (weld-1, weld-2 and weld-3) were fabricated by varying the root gap, root face, filler pass and heat input.
Abstract: BSK 46 is a low alloy structural steel with excellent mechanical and corrosion properties and is widely used in many applications, including tipper bodies of heavy-duty trucks. Optimizing the welding parameters to reduce defects and improve productivity is critical for the users. The present work addresses optimizing the welding process parameters to improve productivity with adequate weld quality during the pulsed gas metal arc welding (P-GMAW) process. Three BSK 46 weldments (weld-1, weld-2 and weld-3) were fabricated by varying the root gap, root face, filler pass and heat input. The metallographic and mechanical characterization of P-GMAW weldments were done through microstructures, Vickers micro-hardness, transverse tensile strength, Charpy toughness and three-point bend test. Subsequently, a correlation has been developed between the microstructural features and mechanical properties of the weld joints. The hardness was found to be incremental in nature from the base metal to the fusion zone. Maximum hardness of 215.81 ± 10 HV was observed in the weld-3 fusion zone. Tensile test results reveal that weld-3 weldments exhibit a higher tensile strength of 547.48 ± 2 MPa than weld-1 (537.46 ± 7 MPa) and weld-2 (533.67 ± 9 MPa) weldments. Maximum impact toughness of 136.33 ± 14 J was observed in the weld-3 weldments. Post-bend testing showed no cracks on the weld surfaces, indicating defect-free weld joints with good ductility. It is observed that weld-3 showed relatively better mechanical properties than weld-1 and weld-2 in lesser welding time and lower welding cost
1 citations
01 Sep 1993
TL;DR: In this article, the role of the flux in alloying had a more significant effect on the strength and toughness than did the presence of specific inclusions, and the microstructures and macrostructures were examined using optical and electron microscopy in order to determine the basis for the variations in strength and hardness.
Abstract: : Submerged arc weldments of HY-100 steel prepared under standard conditions with five commercially available fluxes were analyzed to discern a basis for the variation in mechanical properties associated with different flux use. The variations in flux chemistry resulted in alloyed weldments with diverse weld metal mechanical properties as evident by Charpy impact, tensile, dynamic tear, and microhardness tests. The microstructures and macrostructures were examined using optical and electron microscopy in order to determine the basis for the variations in strength and toughness. Scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive x-ray experiments were performed to determine the size, type, distribution and volume fraction of the non-metallic inclusions in the weld metal. Inclusion characterization revealed that the role of the flux in alloying had a more significant effect on the strength and toughness than did the presence of specific inclusions.
1 citations
25 Aug 2021
TL;DR: In this article, the microstructure of hot-rolled medium carbon steel (grade 45C) was studied and the authors aimed to eliminate the undesirable micro-structure in real working condition of the steel unit.
Abstract: The present study is aimed to eliminate the undesirable microstructure in the real working condition of the steel unit. In this work, the microstructure of hot-rolled medium carbon steel (grade 45C...
Cites background from "Experimental investigation of struc..."
...This type of 45C8 grade steel exhibits superior strength and impact properties with decent machinability and better weldability.(6,7) 45C8 grade is extensively used for applications that require an additional wear-resistant property with superior strength....
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References
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TL;DR: In this article, a comparative evaluation of mechanical properties and microstructural features of shielded metal arc, gas metal arc and friction stir welded (FSW) naval grade HSLA steel joints was carried out.
158 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical model is constructed by using multiple curvilinear regression analysis to investigate the effects of input (process) parameters on output parameters, which determine the weld bead geometry.
139 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of the submerged arc welding (SAW) process parameters (welding current and welding speed) on the microstructure, hardness, and toughness of HSLA steel weld joints was investigated.
Abstract: This paper investigates the influence of the submerged arc welding (SAW) process parameters (welding current and welding speed) on the microstructure, hardness, and toughness of HSLA steel weld joints. Attempts have also been made to analyze the results on the basis of the heat input. The SAW process was used for the welding of 16 mm thick HSLA steel plates. The weld joints were prepared using comparatively high heat input (3.0 to 6.3 KJ/mm) by varying welding current (500–700 A) and welding speed (200–300 mm/min). Results showed that the increase in heat input coarsens the grain structure both in the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ). The hardness has been found to vary from the weld centre line to base metal and peak hardness was found in the HAZ. The hardness of the weld metal was largely uniform. The hardness reduced with the increase in welding current and reduction in welding speed (increasing heat input) while the toughness showed mixed trend. The increase in welding current from 500 A to 600 A at a given welding speed (200 mm/min or 300 mm/min) increased toughness and further increase in welding current up to 700 A lowered the toughness. Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured surfaces of impact test specimen was carried out to study the fracture modes. Electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) was carried out to investigate the variation in wt.% of different elements in the weld metal and HAZ.
129 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the combined effect of flux mixture and welding parameters on submerged arc weld metal chemical composition and mechanical properties was investigated and it was shown that the two factor interaction effect is higher than the individual effect of mixture related variables.
104 citations
"Experimental investigation of struc..." refers background in this paper
...Manganese and nickel content was influenced by welding current as well as transfer of nickel from flux to weld during slag-metal reactions.(17) Ana Ma....
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TL;DR: In this article, the variation of microstructure and mechanical properties in various sub-zones of double submerged arc welded line pipe steel of grade API X65 was investigated.
56 citations