Experimental investigation on physical and mechanical properties of lime mortar: Effect of organic addition
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of organic addition in the lime matrix on its mechanical and physical properties has been investigated, which revealed that the addition of organics in lime matrix enhances the mechanical properties of the mortar significantly as it improves the binding strength between two consecutive lime particle in the mortar.
About: This article is published in Journal of Cultural Heritage.The article was published on 2017-11-01. It has received 63 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Lime mortar & Lime.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a review of the application of X-ray-based technologies in the context of architectural heritage is presented, which describes some classical applications and provides scientific support for scientists and engineers to make decisions.
Abstract: Both conservation and intervention methods must be compatible with each other and appropriate for the original building materials. Therefore, the characterization of historic building materials is indispensable for investigating chemical composition, micro-structure and morphological features to study the current condition, environmental influence and change mechanism due to natural aging or man-made decay processes. Given the great variety of chemicals which can be analyzed, complex problems related to architectural heritage materials are investigated via optimized methodologies. Among the existing techniques, optical microscopy (OM) is an inexpensive and dominating tool to obtain preliminary information on complex samples. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can provide real three-dimensional topographies showing sample surface properties. Electron microscopes combined with energy dispersion X-ray analysis (EM-EDX) are the instruments specifically developed to acquire images of target materials at high magnification. Infrared and Raman spectroscopies are frequently used to characterize inorganic and organic compounds. Thermal analysis can rapidly and accurately measure changes in crystalline structure, dehydration and decomposition. X-ray based technologies have a wide range of applications as follows. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is one of the most frequently used techniques for elemental analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a fast and inexpensive technique for the characterization of man-made and natural materials. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is applied to quantify the valence and electronic levels of specific elements. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful technique for detecting the electronic structure of matter. UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy is also of great importance in architectural heritage, which can reveal different physicochemical mechanisms causing color. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) can effectively eliminate the pollution on the surface and detect the internal elements of the target material. Ion beam analysis can quantify trace elements with high sensitivity. Mass-based techniques are mainly applied to identify unknown organic substances at the molecular level. This review describes some classical applications of individual techniques and provides scientific support for scientists and engineers to make decisions in the context of architectural heritage.
38 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of varying the content of wood ash has on a range of properties of lime mortar and to draw conclusions about the reasons for these impacts, such as high drying shrinkage.
35 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors have taken up to analyse the ancient plasters at Charminar, Hyderabad, India for the effective conservation of the historic monument for the purpose of preservation.
Abstract: The present study has been taken up to analyse the ancient plasters at Charminar, Hyderabad, India for the effective conservation of the historic monument. The plasters were characterized adopting physicochemical analysis as well as modern analytical techniques including XRD, TGA with DTA, SEM and Infra-Red methods (FT- IR). The binder is calcium rich lime with binder aggregate ratio of 1:2.75 to 1:3.43 by weight and mineralogical analysis reflect load bearing phases vaterite, calcite and aragonite with some amount of alumina silicates contributing to strength of the mortars. The results of FT-IR substantiated the outcome of organic test. TGA confirms the results of XRD and indicated the loss of weight around temperature of 750 °C showing decomposition of calcite and vaterite and release of CO2. SEM images validated the presence of calcite and vaterite. The organics present in the lime plasters in the form of carbohydrates and proteins has mitigated the degradation of materials that could be the main reason behind the sound survival of the Charminar over the ages. On fermentation, organics were converted into alcohols of short chain and stabilised the formation of meta stable vaterite rather than calcite. This keeps the mortars young and hence the durability of the structure.
30 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental program aimed at investigating the use of limestone filler additions to modify the mechanical properties of commercial premixed hydraulic lime-based mortars was presented, where the influence of adding recycled limestone filler was evaluated from the mechanical point of view, by comparing the experimental compressive and flexural strengths of five different mortar mixes with variable filler contents.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, air-and formulated lime mortars with pulverized brick waste were synthesized with addition of two organic waste-based additives: spent cooking oil and albumen.
21 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors used CPMAS and DRIFT spectra to study the chemical composition of organic matter (OM) in municipal solid waste (MSW) composting and defined parameters for the degree of maturity of the product.
Abstract: Composting of municipal solid waste (MSW) was studied in an attempt to elaborate transformations of organic matter (OM) during the process and define parameters for the degree of maturity of the product. Composting was performed in 1-m{sup 3} plastic boxes and the following parameters were measured in 13 samples during 132 d of composting: temperature, C/N ratio, ash content, humic substance contents, and fractions (humic acid, fulvic acid, and nonbumic fraction-HA, FA and NHF, respectively). Spectroscopic methods (CPMAS {sup 13}C-NMR, DRIFT) were used to study the chemical composition of the OM. A bioassay based on growth of cucumber (Cucumis satifus L. cv. Dlila) plants was correlated to other parameters. The C/N ratio and ash content showed a typical high rate of change during the first 60 d and reached a plateau thereafter. The HA content increased to a maximum at 112 d, corresponding to the highest plant dry weight and highest 1650/1560 (cm{sup {minus}1}/cm{sup {minus}1}) peak ratios calculated from DRIFT spectra. {sup 13}C-NMR and DRIFT spectra of samples taken from the composting MSW during the process showed that the residual OM contained an increasing level of aromatic structures. Plant-growth bioassay, HA content, and the DRIFT spectra indicated that MSW compostmore » described in this study, stabilized and achieved maturity after about 110 d. 31 refs., 8 figs., 2 tabs.« less
383 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of duration of initial curing on the mechanical properties (compressive strength, tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity) and the chloride penetration of concretes containing limestone blended cements was described.
198 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, six types of lime mortar were formulated and characterized, including compressive strength, water-resistance, carbonation speed, porosity, texture and mineral composition, which can be used in the restoration of architectural heritage and modern architecture where natural stone is used.
178 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, two different anionic surfactants, sodium oleate and calcium stearate, commercialized as water repellents for cement-based mortars, were added to the mortars in order to check whether they were improved by these admixtures.
107 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the polymer conformation structure of gluten extracted from a Polish wheat cultivar, Korweta, and gluten subfractions obtained from 2 U.K. breadmaking and biscuit flour cultivars, Hereward and Riband, was investigated using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR).
Abstract: The polymer conformation structure of gluten extracted from a Polish wheat cultivar, Korweta, and gluten subfractions obtained from 2 U.K. breadmaking and biscuit flour cultivars, Hereward and Riband, was investigated using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The results showed the conformation of proteins varied between flour, hydrated flour, and hydrated gluten. The β-sheet structure increased progressively from flour to hydrated flour and to hydrated gluten. In hydrated gluten protein fractions comprising gliadin, soluble glutenin, and gel protein, β-sheet structure increased progressively from soluble gliadin and glutenin to gluten and gel protein; β-sheet content was also greater in the gel protein from the breadmaking flour Hereward than the biscuit flour Riband.
88 citations