Experimental study on downward flame spread characteristics under the influence of parallel curtain wall
TL;DR: In this article, experimental methods and theoretical analysis are employed to investigate effects of parallel curtain wall on downward flame spread characteristics of insulation materials on building facade, which is attributed to the competition of negative effect and positive effect of the curtain wall.
About: This article is published in Applied Thermal Engineering.The article was published on 2018-01-05. It has received 24 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Flame spread & Adiabatic flame temperature.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of interlayer distance (d) and cable spacing (s) on flame characteristics and fire hazard of multilayer cables in utility tunnel has been investigated and the results show that large interlayer distances lead to higher flame height but lower flame width.
33 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of fuel bed width and spacing on the combustion and flame spread behaviors of discrete fuels were investigated. And a prediction model of the mass loss rate was developed, which agreed reasonably well with the experimental data.
24 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple numerical model, used widely to simulate flame spread over condensed surfaces, called Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), has been employed to numerically simulate the experimental cases.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the combined effect of inclination angle and array fuel bed width on flame spread over discrete fuel arrays was investigated. But, the authors did not consider the effect of the angle of inclination on the upward flame spread.
18 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental investigation on interlayer effect induced by curtain wall, parallel to the building exterior facade, on thermal and burning behavior of insulation material flexible polyurethane (FPU).
16 citations
References
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Book•
11 Sep 1985
TL;DR: This paper introduced the physical effects underlying heat and mass transfer phenomena and developed methodologies for solving a variety of real-world problems, such as energy minimization, mass transfer, and energy maximization.
Abstract: This undergraduate-level engineering text introduces the physical effects underlying heat and mass transfer phenomena and develops methodologies for solving a variety of real-world problems.
13,209 citations
Book•
29 Dec 1998
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the physical chemistry of combustion in fire and discuss the physical properties of fire and its application in a wide range of applications in fire science and combustion.
Abstract: Machine generated contents note: About the AuthorPreface to the Second EditionPreface to the Third EditionList of Symbols and Abbreviations1 Fire science and combustion 1.1 Fuels and the Combustion Process 1.2 The Physical Chemistry of Combustion in Fires Problems2 Heat transfer 2.1 Summary of the heat transfer equations 2.2 Conduction 2.3 Convection 2.4 Radiation Problems3 Limits of flammability and premixed flames 3.1 Limits of flammability 3.2 The structure of a premixed flame 3.3 Heat losses from premixed flames 3.4 Measurement of burning velocities 3.5 Variation of burning velocity with experimental parameters 3.6 The effect of turbulence Problems4 Diffusion flames and fire plumes 4.1 Laminar jet flames 4.2 Turbulent jet flames 4.3 Flames from natural fires 4.4 Some practical applications Problems5 Steady burning of liquids and solids 5.1 Burning of liquids 5.2 Burning of solids Problems6 Ignition: The initiation of flaming combustion 6.1 Ignition of^
1,984 citations
Book•
21 Apr 2006
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the history of fire and its application in the field of fire safety, including a discussion of the role of mass and energy conservation in chemical reactions.
Abstract: Preface. Nomenclature. 1 Introduction to Fire. 1.1 Fire in History. 1.2 Fire and Science. 1.3 Fire Safety and Research in the Twentieth Century. 1.4 Outlook for the Future. 1.5 Introduction to This Book. 2 Thermochemistry. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Chemical Reactions. 2.3 Gas Mixture. 2.4 Conservation Laws for Systems. 2.5 Heat of Formation. 2.6 Application of Mass and Energy Conservation in Chemical Reactions. 2.7 Combustion Products in Fire. 3 Conservation Laws for Control Volumes. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 The Reynolds Transport Theorem. 3.3 Relationship between a Control Volume and System Volume. 3.4 Conservation of Mass. 3.5 Conservation of Mass for a Reacting Species. 3.6 Conservation of Momentum. 3.7 Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume. 4 Premixed Flames. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Reaction Rate. 4.3 Autoignition. 4.4 Piloted Ignition. 4.5 Flame Speed, Su. 4.6 Quenching Diameter. 4.7 Flammability Limits. 4.8 Empirical Relationships for the Lower Flammability Limit. 4.9 A Quantitative Analysis of Ignition, Propagation and Extinction. 5 Spontaneous Ignition. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Theory of Spontaneous Ignition. 5.3 Experimental Methods. 5.4 Time for Spontaneous Ignition. 6 Ignition of Liquids. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Flashpoint. 6.3 Dynamics of Evaporation. 6.4 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation. 6.5 Evaporation Rates. 7 Ignition of Solids. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Estimate of Ignition Time Components. 7.3 Pure Conduction Model for Ignition. 7.4 Heat Flux in Fire. 7.5 Ignition in Thermally Thin Solids. 7.6 Ignition of a Thermally Thick Solid. 7.7 Ignition Properties of Common Materials. 8 Fire Spread on Surfaces and Through Solid Media. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Surface Flame Spread - The Thermally Thin Case. 8.3 Transient Effects. 8.4 Surface Flame Spread for a Thermally Thick Solid. 8.5 Experimental Considerations for Solid Surface Spread. 8.6 Some Fundamental Results for Surface Spread. 8.7 Examples of Other Flame Spread Conditions. 9 Burning Rate. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Diffusive Burning of Liquid Fuels. 9.3 Diffusion Flame Variables. 9.4 Convective Burning for Specific Flow Conditions. 9.5 Radiation Effects on Burning. 9.6 Property Values for Burning Rate Calculations. 9.7 Suppression and Extinction of Burning. 9.8 The Burning Rate of Complex Materials. 9.9 Control Volume Alternative to the Theory of Diffusive Burning. 9.10 General Considerations for Extinction Based on Kinetics. 9.10.1 A demonstration of the similarity of extinction in premixed and diffusion flames. 9.11 Applications to Extinction for Diffusive Burning. 10 Fire Plumes. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Buoyant Plumes. 10.3 Combusting Plumes. 10.4 Finite Real Fire Effects. 10.5 Transient Aspects of Fire Plumes. 10.5.1 Starting plume. 10.5.2 Fireball or thermal. 11 Compartment Fires. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Fluid Dynamics. 11.3 Heat Transfer. 11.4 Fuel Behavior. 11.5 Zone Modeling and Conservation Equations. 11.6 Correlations. 11.7 Semenov Diagrams, Flashover and Instabilities. 12 Scaling and Dimensionless Groups. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Approaches for Establishing Dimensionless Groups. 12.3 Dimensionless Groups from the Conservation Equations. 12.4 Examples of Specific Correlations. 12.5 Scale Modeling. Appendix. Flammability Properties. Archibald Tewarson. Index.
599 citations
01 Jan 1969
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical description of a laminar diffusion flame spreading against an air stream over a solid- or liquid-fuel bed is presented, where both a thin sheet and a semi-infinite fuel bed are considered.
Abstract: A theoretical description is presented for a laminar diffusion flame spreading against an air stream over a solid- or liquid-fuel bed. Both a thin sheet and a semi-infinite fuel bed are considered. The burning process is described as follows: The hot flame heats the unburned fuel bed, which subsequently vaporizes. The resulting fuel vapor reacts with the oxygen supplied by the incoming air, thereby producing the heat that maintains the flame-spread process. The formulated model treats the combustion as a diffusion flame, for which the details of the reaction kinetics can be ignored by assuming infinite reaction rates. The model includes the chemical stoichiometry, heat of combustion, gas-phase conductive heat transfer, radiation, mass transfer, fuel vaporization, and fuel-bed thermal properties. The radiation is mathematically treated as a heat loss at the flame sheet and a heat gain at the fuel-bed surface. The calculated flame-spread formulas are not inconsistent with available experimental data. These results reveal much of the physics involved in a spreading, flame. For instance, the flame-spread rate is strongly influenced by (1) the adiabatic stoichiometric flame temperature, and (2) the fuel-bed thermal properties, except for the fuel-bed conductivity parallel to the propagation direction.
356 citations
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed non-luminous radiation theories and compared them to Hottel's emmissivity charts for typical homogeneous combustion situations and concluded that the presence of luminous soot must be locally supported by chemical heat release in normal fire situations.
Abstract: Non-luminous radiation theories are reviewed and compared to Hottel's emmissivity charts for typical homogeneous combustion situations. Both narrow-band statistical and exponential wide-band models are considered. The results are then extended to luminous flames and the issue of whether flames can be regarded as gray is discussed quantitatively for various flame gases. Experimental investigations of the heat transfer components to burning fuel surfaces show that radiation is dominant at scales of 0.2–0.3 m and above. Comparative measurements of various non-charring plastic fuels show that the flame absorption-emission coefficient is the principal fuel property controlling the fuel's burning rate at hazardous scales. The measurements also indicate that the actual volumetric heat release rate is the same for different fuels burning as buoyant turbulent diffusion flames at similar scales. Concerning flame structure it is shown that the presence of luminous soot must be locally supported by chemical heat release in normal fire situations. It is also suggested that the observed proportionality of radiant heat output to fuel supply rate for geometrically similar buoyant diffusion flames is due to the insensitivity of the characteristic Kolmogorov microscale to changes in fuel flow rate. The review also discusses numerous important unresolved fire research topics.
225 citations