Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework

doi:10.1093/SCAN/NSX096

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Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework

Journal Article•DOI•

Explicit and implicit emotion regulation: a multi-level framework

Laura Martin Braunstein¹, James J. Gross², Kevin N. Ochsner¹•Institutions (2)

Columbia University¹, Stanford University²

01 Oct 2017-Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience (Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci)-Vol. 12, Iss: 10, pp 1545-1557

TL;DR: The utility of a framework that distinguishes among four fundamental classes of emotion regulation strategies is explored, which is used to review human and animal research on the neural bases of emotionregulation and to suggest key directions for future research on emotion regulation.

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Abstract: The ability to adaptively regulate emotion is essential for mental and physical well-being. How should we organize the myriad ways people attempt to regulate their emotions? We explore the utility of a framework that distinguishes among four fundamental classes of emotion regulation strategies. The framework describes each strategy class in terms their behavioral characteristics, underlying psychological processes and supporting neural systems. A key feature of this multi-level framework is its conceptualization of the psychological processes in terms of two orthogonal dimensions that describe (i) the nature of the emotion regulation goal (ranging from to implicit to explicit) and (ii) the nature of the emotion change process (ranging from more automatic to more controlled). After describing the core elements of the framework, we use it to review human and animal research on the neural bases of emotion regulation and to suggest key directions for future research on emotion regulation.

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Journal Article•DOI•

The effect of strategies, goals and stimulus material on the neural mechanisms of emotion regulation: A meta-analysis of fMRI studies

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Carmen Morawetz¹, Stefan Bode², Birgit Derntl³, Hauke R. Heekeren¹•Institutions (3)

Free University of Berlin¹, University of Melbourne², University of Tübingen³

01 Jan 2017-Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

TL;DR: The VLPFC and posterior cingulate cortex were the main regions consistently found to be recruited during the up‐regulation as well as the down‐regulation of emotion, and the process of emotion regulation appeared to be unaffected by stimulus material.

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236 citations

Cites background from "Explicit and implicit emotion regul..."

...…of emotion egulation, these strategies have further been categorized as eliberate/explicit (also called effortful, conscious or controlled) nd automatic/implicit (also called incidental or unconscious) Berkman and Lieberman, 2009; Gyurak et al., 2011; Koole and othermund, 2011; Mauss et al., 2007)....
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...Thus, ndividuals are unaware of the modulation of emotional control Gyurak et al., 2011)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions : From perception, learning, and memory to social cognition, individual differences, and training interventions

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Florin Dolcos¹, Yuta Katsumi¹, Matthew Moore¹, Nick Berggren², Beatrice de Gelder³, Nazanin Derakshan², Alfons O. Hamm⁴, Ernst H. W. Koster⁵, Cecile D. Ladouceur⁶, Hadas Okon-Singer⁷, Alan J. Pegna⁸, Thalia Richter⁷, Susanne Schweizer⁹, Jan Van den Stock¹⁰, Carlos Ventura-Bort¹¹, Mathias Weymar¹¹, Sanda Dolcos¹ - Show less +13 more•Institutions (11)

University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign¹, Birkbeck, University of London², Maastricht University³, University of Greifswald⁴, Ghent University⁵, University of Pittsburgh⁶, University of Haifa⁷, University of Queensland⁸, University College London⁹, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven¹⁰, University of Potsdam¹¹

01 Jan 2020-Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

TL;DR: This work analyzed the language used to describe attention-related aspects of emotion, and highlighted terms related to domains such as conscious awareness, motivational effects of attention, social attention, and emotion regulation within a broader review of available evidence regarding the neural correlates of emotion-attention interactions.

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103 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

Mental illness and well‐being: an affect regulation perspective

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James J. Gross¹, Helen Uusberg², Andero Uusberg•Institutions (2)

Stanford University¹, University of Tartu²

01 Jun 2019-World Psychiatry

TL;DR: An integrative framework for considering the role of affect generation and regulation in mental illness and well‐being is presented and offers a common set of concepts for characterizing different affective states.

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81 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

A cognitive control framework for understanding emotion regulation flexibility.

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Luise Pruessner¹, Sven Barnow¹, Daniel V. Holt¹, Jutta Joormann², Katrin Schulze¹ - Show less +1 more•Institutions (2)

Heidelberg University¹, Yale University²

01 Feb 2020-Emotion

TL;DR: A framework outlining the importance of cognitive control for understanding three key components of emotion regulation flexibility is described, particularly focusing on the tradeoff between shielding versus shifting goals and goal-directed behavior in various emotional contexts.

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Abstract: What are the cognitive processes that allow flexible responses to the changing demands of varying emotional contexts? Previous research suggests that higher levels of cognitive control are linked to successful emotion regulation. In particular, the implementation of emotion regulation strategies has been associated with individual differences in cognitive control, including (a) inhibiting prepotent responses, (b) updating information in working memory, and (c) shifting mental sets. Although most of this work has focused on the relationship between cognitive control and the short-term implementation of regulatory strategies, cognitive control may be even more important for understanding the dynamic adaptation to varying emotional contexts, that is, emotion regulation flexibility. However, cognitive control and emotion regulation flexibility have not been investigated in conjunction, resulting in a lack of a coherent understanding. In this article, we describe a framework outlining the importance of cognitive control for understanding three key components of emotion regulation flexibility: (a) strategy stopping or switching, (b) strategy maintenance, and (c) monitoring. We highlight the relevance of studying each of these components through the lens of cognitive control processes, particularly focusing on the tradeoff between shielding versus shifting goals and goal-directed behavior in various emotional contexts. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

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68 citations

Journal Article•DOI•

The neuroscience of positive emotions and affect: Implications for cultivating happiness and wellbeing.

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Rebecca Alexander¹, Oriana R. Aragón², Jamila Bookwala³, Nicolas Cherbuin¹, Justine M. Gatt⁴, Ian J. Kahrilas⁵, Niklas Kästner⁶, Alistair Lawrence⁷, Leroy Lowe, Robert G. Morrison⁵, Sven C. Mueller⁸, Robin Nusslock⁹, Christos Papadelis¹⁰, Kelly L. Polnaszek⁵, S. Helene Richter⁶, Rebecca L. Silton⁵, Rebecca L. Silton⁹, Charis Styliadis¹¹ - Show less +14 more•Institutions (11)

Australian National University¹, Clemson University², Lafayette College³, University of New South Wales⁴, Loyola University Chicago⁵, University of Münster⁶, Scotland's Rural College⁷, University of Deusto⁸, Northwestern University⁹, Boston Children's Hospital¹⁰, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki¹¹

01 Feb 2021-Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

TL;DR: The associations among neurotransmitters, hormones, brain networks, and cognitive functions in the context of positive emotions and affect are reviewed in order to advance a primary aim of the Human Affectome Project.

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66 citations

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References

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Journal Article•DOI•

An integrative theory of prefrontal cortex function

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Earl K. Miller¹, Jonathan D. Cohen²•Institutions (2)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology¹, Princeton University²

01 Jan 2001-Annual Review of Neuroscience

TL;DR: It is proposed that cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them, which provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task.

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Abstract: ▪ Abstract The prefrontal cortex has long been suspected to play an important role in cognitive control, in the ability to orchestrate thought and action in accordance with internal goals. Its neural basis, however, has remained a mystery. Here, we propose that cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represent goals and the means to achieve them. They provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task. We review neurophysiological, neurobiological, neuroimaging, and computational studies that support this theory and discuss its implications as well as further issues to be addressed

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10,943 citations

"Explicit and implicit emotion regul..." refers background in this paper

...selecting/inhibiting responses, and posterior mPFC/dACC regions important for performance monitoring and evaluating the need for cognitive control (Miller and Cohen, 2001; Wager and Smith, 2003; Shenhav et al., 2016)....
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...tent while controlling the focus of attention on strategy relevant information, all of which are thought to depend on a dlPFCparietal control network (Miller and Cohen, 2001; Cocchi et al., 2013)....
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...Second, PFC damage impairs virtually all ‘cold’ forms of cognitive control (Miller and Cohen, 2001) and the same may be true for reappraisal: a left frontal stroke patient was unable to spontaneously generate reappraisals (Salas et al., 2013) and group of patients with focal frontal unilateral…...
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...neuroscience research suggesting that cognitive control is implemented through the influence of domain general PFCbased control systems on posterior and subcortical systems that represent specific kinds of sensory or mnemonic information (Knight et al., 1999; Miller and Cohen, 2001)....
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...…al., 2014), which both involve holding in mind regulatory goals and manipulating strategy-relevant content while controlling the focus of attention on strategy relevant information, all of which are thought to depend on a dlPFCparietal control network (Miller and Cohen, 2001; Cocchi et al., 2013)....
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Posted Content•

Subjective Well-Being

[...]

Ed Diener¹•Institutions (1)

University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign¹

01 Jan 1984-Social Science Research Network

TL;DR: The literature on subjective well-being (SWB), including happiness, life satisfaction, and positive affect, is reviewed in three areas: measurement, causal factors, and theory.

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Abstract: The literature on subjective well-being (SWB), including happiness, life satisfaction, and positive affect, is reviewed in three areas: measurement, causal factors, and theory. Psychometric data on single-item and multi-item subjective well-being scales are presented, and the measures are compared. Measuring various components of subjective well-being is discussed. In terms of causal influences, research findings on the demographic correlates of SWB are evaluated, as well as the findings on other influences such as health, social contact, activity, and personality. A number of theoretical approaches to happiness are presented and discussed: telic theories, associationistic models, activity theories, judgment approaches, and top-down versus bottom-up conceptions.

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10,021 citations

"Explicit and implicit emotion regul..." refers background in this paper

...ance in maintaining mental and physical well-being (Gross and John, 2003; Diener, 2009), emotion regulation has increasingly been the focus of behavioral and neuroscience research....
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...Given its importance in maintaining mental and physical well-being (Gross and John, 2003; Diener, 2009), emotion regulation has increasingly been the focus of behavioral and neuroscience research....
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Journal Article•DOI•

Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being.

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James J. Gross¹, Oliver P. John²•Institutions (2)

Stanford University¹, University of California, Berkeley²

01 Aug 2003-Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

TL;DR: Five studies tested two general hypotheses: Individuals differ in their use of emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal and suppression, and these individual differences have implications for affect, well-being, and social relationships.

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Abstract: Five studies tested two general hypotheses: Individuals differ in their use of emotion regulation strategies such as reappraisal and suppression, and these individual differences have implications for affect, well-being, and social relationships. Study 1 presents new measures of the habitual use of reappraisal and suppression. Study 2 examines convergent and discriminant validity. Study 3 shows that reappraisers experience and express greater positive emotion and lesser negative emotion, whereas suppressors experience and express lesser positive emotion, yet experience greater negative emotion. Study 4 indicates that using reappraisal is associated with better interpersonal functioning, whereas using suppression is associated with worse interpersonal functioning. Study 5 shows that using reappraisal is related positively to well-being, whereas using suppression is related negatively.

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8,261 citations

"Explicit and implicit emotion regul..." refers background in this paper

...ance in maintaining mental and physical well-being (Gross and John, 2003; Diener, 2009), emotion regulation has increasingly been the focus of behavioral and neuroscience research....
[...]
...Given its importance in maintaining mental and physical well-being (Gross and John, 2003; Diener, 2009), emotion regulation has increasingly been the focus of behavioral and neuroscience research....
[...]

Journal Article•DOI•

A Neural Substrate of Prediction and Reward

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Wolfram Schultz¹, Peter Dayan², P R Montague³•Institutions (3)

University of Fribourg¹, Massachusetts Institute of Technology², Baylor College of Medicine³

14 Mar 1997-Science

TL;DR: Findings in this work indicate that dopaminergic neurons in the primate whose fluctuating output apparently signals changes or errors in the predictions of future salient and rewarding events can be understood through quantitative theories of adaptive optimizing control.

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Abstract: The capacity to predict future events permits a creature to detect, model, and manipulate the causal structure of its interactions with its environment. Behavioral experiments suggest that learning is driven by changes in the expectations about future salient events such as rewards and punishments. Physiological work has recently complemented these studies by identifying dopaminergic neurons in the primate whose fluctuating output apparently signals changes or errors in the predictions of future salient and rewarding events. Taken together, these findings can be understood through quantitative theories of adaptive optimizing control.

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8,163 citations

"Explicit and implicit emotion regul..." refers background in this paper

...The second is a chronically active goal that is important for survival, such as the goal to identify, respond to and accurately represent the value of goal-relevant stimuli (Schultz et al., 1997; Ledoux, 2012)....
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...Internally generated goals come from an individual’s thoughts or mental representations, such as the explicit decision to reappraise a stimulus or the implicit and chronic, continuously operating goal to identify and respond to salient stimuli (Ledoux, 2012) and to accurately represent their value (Schultz et al., 1997)....
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...…come from an individual’s thoughts or mental representations, such as the explicit decision to reappraise a stimulus or the implicit and chronic, continuously operating goal to identify and respond to salient stimuli (Ledoux, 2012) and to accurately represent their value (Schultz et al., 1997)....
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Journal Article•DOI•

The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review.

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James J. Gross¹•Institutions (1)

Stanford University¹

01 Sep 1998-Review of General Psychology

TL;DR: The emerging field of emotion regulation studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them as mentioned in this paper, and characterizes emotion in terms of response tendencies.

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Abstract: The emerging field of emotion regulation studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them. This review takes an evolutionary perspective and characterizes emotion in terms of response tendencies. Emotion regulation is denned and distinguished from coping, mood regulation, defense, and affect regulation. In the increasingly specialized discipline of psychology, the field of emotion regulation cuts across traditional boundaries and provides common ground. According to a process model of emotion regulation, emotion may be regulated at five points in the emotion generative process: (a) selection of the situation, (b) modification of the situation, (c) deployment of attention, (d) change of cognitions, and (e) modulation of responses. The field of emotion regulation promises new insights into age-old questions about how people manage their emotions.

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6,835 citations

"Explicit and implicit emotion regul..." refers background or methods in this paper

...Reappraisal (Figures 1A and 2) involves intentionally changing how we think about and describe a stimulus’s meaning so as to alter our emotional response to it (Gross, 1998)....
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...This framework is complementary to the existing process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 1998; Ochsner et al., 2012) and distinct from other proposed frameworks (Berkman and Lieberman, 2009; Gyurak et al., 2011) in that it uses two orthogonal psychological dimensions to define four related, but…...
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...This framework is complementary to the existing process model of emotion regulation (Gross, 1998; Ochsner et al., 2012) and distinct from other proposed frameworks (Berkman and Lieberman, 2009; Gyurak et al....
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