Dissertation•
Exploring the appropriateness of Urban Underground Space (UUS) for sustainability improvement
01 Jul 2018-
TL;DR: In this paper, a new tool called USPeAR is proposed, developed on the basis of the SPeAR® framework system revised and restructured for application on UUS projects.
Abstract: Due to the dramatic rate of urbanisation worldwide, sustainability of global cities is called into question, and there is global agreement that making cities more sustainable is a key priority Greater use of underground space is one such solution, hence wider adoption of Urban Underground Space (UUS) within the urban environment needs consideration One way to measure the efficiency of these solutions within the urban environment is to provide sustainability credentials through sustainability indicators However, a detailed review of the current ‘construction sector’ sustainability indicator systems (BREEAM, CEEQUAL, etc) within this research shows that there is a substantial need for a sustainability indicator tool tailored toward UUS Hence, a new tool, called USPeAR, is proposed, developed on the basis of the SPeAR® framework system revised and restructured for application on UUS projects
The USPeAR tool includes a series of indicators based on SPeAR® They have been selected according to the materiality review method introduced by SPeAR® itself In addition a panel of experts, who are experienced in terms of construction and sustainability, has been surveyed via a questionnaire to inform the development of an appropriate weighting system for the selected indicators Lastly, a Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) method has been combined with USPeAR to identify the most cost-effective solution for the sustainability improvement of a UUS project The application of the developed tool was demonstrated through two case studies
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01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: In this article, the economic, social and environmental aspects are discussed to define a sustainable society which provide a healthy, productive, meaningful life for generations, both present and future, both past and future.
Abstract: This presentation is to give a brief introduction to sustainable development which is related to the quality of life in a society. In the first part, the economic, social and environmental aspects are discussed to define a sustainable society which provide a healthy, productive, meaningful life for generations, both present and future. The second part of the presentation would focus on presenting indicators of sustainability and their measures. Indicators generally simplify in order to make complex phenomena quantifiable so that information can be measured and communicated. Sustainability indicators reflect the reality that the three different segments, the economic, social and environmental, are very tightly interconnected. They like to be informed about the state of these segments and how and why they are changing. The target audiences of this presentation is people who involve in environmental, clean energy activitities or in sustainable development in general. It is expected to be helpful for the audiences in developing indicators for their actual works.
334 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors estimate the gains and losses expected to result from building a new London Transport Underground railway line, the Victoria Line, and measure the effect on the community of the investment.
Abstract: This study estimates the gains and losses expected to result from building a new London Transport Underground railway line, the Victoria Line. The purpose is to measure the effect on the community of the investment. The costs measured in this study include the initial capital invested and the operating expenses of the Victoria Line. The measured benefits included time savings to those affected by the investment, savings involving cash transactions, and the value of increased comfort and convenience. The yearly return on the capital outlay when it is completed and at intervals thereafter are computed to describe the relationship of total costs and benefits. This method fails to take time into account so a procedure of discounting is used to give the costs a common denominator in time. Overall findings indicate that the Victoria line is worth building even though the increase in revenue would not cover the costs.
11 citations
22 May 1996
TL;DR: A review of underground space major uses over time is given and pros and cons relating to the huge increase in tunnelling are listed in this paper, where the impact on groundwater resources is estimated.
Abstract: The utilization of the underground space for wrying out human activities goes far back into antiquity. A review of underground space major uses over time is given and pros and cons relating to the huge increase in tunnelling are listed. The impact on groundwater resources is estimated. And sigdcant variations in the aquifer regulation and storage capacity volume, hy&ulic conductivity and transmissivity, water flow and energy velocity are discussed.
2 citations
References
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01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as mentioned in this paper is a systematic procedure for representing the elements of any problem hierarchically, which organizes the basic rationality by breaking down a problem into its smaller constituent parts and then guides decision makers through a series of pairwise comparison judgments to express the relative strength or intensity of impact of the elements in the hierarchy.
Abstract: This chapter provides an overview of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), which is a systematic procedure for representing the elements of any problem hierarchically. It organizes the basic rationality by breaking down a problem into its smaller constituent parts and then guides decision makers through a series of pair-wise comparison judgments to express the relative strength or intensity of impact of the elements in the hierarchy. These judgments are then translated to numbers. The AHP includes procedures and principles used to synthesize the many judgments to derive priorities among criteria and subsequently for alternative solutions. It is useful to note that the numbers thus obtained are ratio scale estimates and correspond to so-called hard numbers. Problem solving is a process of setting priorities in steps. One step decides on the most important elements of a problem, another on how best to repair, replace, test, and evaluate the elements, and another on how to implement the solution and measure performance.
16,547 citations
"Exploring the appropriateness of Ur..." refers methods in this paper
...However, there are more complex and well-known methods such as: analytical hierarchy process (AHP) (Saaty, 1980), Fuzzy analysis and even combined AHP Fuzzy analysis....
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...…………..…….153 Figure 5.3: Structure of the utilised three-level AHP model……………………..…………179 Figure 6.1: of steps 1 and 2 of the tool…………………………………...………………….193 Figure 6.2: Snapshot of Stage 2; scoring for economic pillar…………………………....
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...…175 Table 5.8: Environmental pillars’ AHP matrix…………………...…………………………183 Table 5.9: Environmental pillars’ AHP calculations ………………………..………...……184 Table 5.10: Normalized relative weight for environmental pillar………………...…………185 Table 5.11: Eigen value calculations for environmental pillar…………………..…....
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...……256 xiii ABBREVIATIONS AHP Analytical Hierarchy Process BAT Best Available Technique BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BREEAM Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method CBA Cost-Benefit Analysis CCTV Closed Circuit Television CEEQUAL Civil Engineering Environmental Quality Assessment & Award Scheme CUI Critical Underground Infrastructures DDPUUS Development Potential of Urban Underground Space EIA Environmental Impact Assessment GDP Gross Domestic Product HalSTAR Halcrow Sustainability Toolkit and Rating system ICE Institution of Civil Engineers KPI Key Performance Indicator LU London Underground MRT Mass Rapid Transit MUT Multi Utility Tunnel NPV Net Present Value SAM Sustainability Assessment Model SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment SEF Sustainable Economy Framework SPeAR® Sustainable Project Appraisal Routine SWIFT Structured “what-if” Technique xiv TAV Treno Alta Velocita TLP Thameslink Programme UN United Nations UUI Urban Underground Infrastructures UUS Urban Underground Space geoSPeAR Geotechnical Sustainable Project Appraisal Routine LEED Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design USGBC U.S. Green Building Council 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION...
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...156 5.4 Analysis of the Second Part of Questionnaire ........................................................... 166 5.4.1 Detailed analysis.................................................................................................. 169 5.4.2.1 Environment.................................................................................................. 171 5.4.2.2 Social............................................................................................................. 173 5.4.2.3 Economic ...................................................................................................... 175 5.5 Weighting Validation: Alternative Method of AHP......................................................
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Book•
01 Jan 1932
TL;DR: The instrument to be described here is not, however, indirect in the usual sense of the word; it does not seek responses to items apparently unrelated to the attitudes investigated, and seeks to measure prejudice in a manner less direct than is true of the usual prejudice scale.
Abstract: THIS paper describes a technique which has been developed for the measurement of race prejudice. This technique differs from most prejudice inventories in that it avoids the following assumptions: (a) that the individual can say, to his own or the investigator's satisfaction, "This is how prejudiced I am," and (b) that, to the extent that the individual can accurately assess his degree of antipathy, he will report honestly the findings of such introspection. Most sociologists would perhaps agree that race attitudes rarely reside on a completely articulate level. Even where the individual holds to intellectual or ideological convictions which would seem to leave no room for out-group antipathies, such do persevere. Thus, we may expect the number of Americans who honestly think themselves "unprejudiced" to be considerably larger than effective research would reveal. Moreover, the number who present themselves as unprejudiced probably exceeds considerably the number who honestly, though often inaccurately, see themselves in this light. Most indirect techniques for the measurement of attitudes have their rationale in observations such as these. The instrument to be described here is not, however, indirect in the usual sense of the word; it does not seek responses to items apparently unrelated to the attitudes investigated. We do, however, seek to measure prejudice in a manner less direct than is true of the usual prejudice scale. In our instrument we seek to measure anti-Negro prejudice. Persons are called upon to respond on social distance scales to whites and Negroes who occupy a variety of occupational positions. The measure of prejudice is derived through the summation of the differences in distance responses to Negroes as opposed to whites in the same occupations. Thus, for lack of a better label,
12,492 citations
01 Jan 1932
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a technique which has been developed for the measurement of race prejudice, which avoids the following assumptions: (a) that the individual can say, to his own or the investigator's satisfaction, "This is how prejudiced I am," and (b) to the extent that theindividual can accurately assess his degree of antipathy, he will report honestly the findings of such introspection.
Abstract: THIS paper describes a technique which has been developed for the measurement of race prejudice. This technique differs from most prejudice inventories in that it avoids the following assumptions: (a) that the individual can say, to his own or the investigator's satisfaction, "This is how prejudiced I am," and (b) that, to the extent that the individual can accurately assess his degree of antipathy, he will report honestly the findings of such introspection. Most sociologists would perhaps agree that race attitudes rarely reside on a completely articulate level. Even where the individual holds to intellectual or ideological convictions which would seem to leave no room for out-group antipathies, such do persevere. Thus, we may expect the number of Americans who honestly think themselves "unprejudiced" to be considerably larger than effective research would reveal. Moreover, the number who present themselves as unprejudiced probably exceeds considerably the number who honestly, though often inaccurately, see themselves in this light. Most indirect techniques for the measurement of attitudes have their rationale in observations such as these. The instrument to be described here is not, however, indirect in the usual sense of the word; it does not seek responses to items apparently unrelated to the attitudes investigated. We do, however, seek to measure prejudice in a manner less direct than is true of the usual prejudice scale. In our instrument we seek to measure anti-Negro prejudice. Persons are called upon to respond on social distance scales to whites and Negroes who occupy a variety of occupational positions. The measure of prejudice is derived through the summation of the differences in distance responses to Negroes as opposed to whites in the same occupations. Thus, for lack of a better label,
1,478 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that these are not unified entities: rather they are fractured and multi-layered and can be considered at different spatial levels, with the economy dependent on society and the environment while human existence and society are dependent on, and within the environment.
Abstract: Sustainable development is a contested concept, with theories shaped by people's and organizations' different worldviews, which in turn influence how issues are formulated and actions proposed. It is usually presented as the intersection between environment, society and economy, which are conceived of as separate although connected entities. We would argue that these are not unified entities: rather they are fractured and multi-layered and can be considered at different spatial levels. The economy is often given priority in policies and the environment is viewed as apart from humans. They are interconnected, with the economy dependent on society and the environment while human existence and society are dependent on, and within the environment. The separation of environment, society and economy often leads to a narrow techno-scientific approach, while issues to do with society that are most likely to challenge the present socio-economic structure are often marginalized, in particular the sustainability of communities and the maintenance of cultural diversity. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
1,151 citations
"Exploring the appropriateness of Ur..." refers background in this paper
...Sustainability is a challenging, open and contested concept (Gladwin et al., 1995; Giddings et al., 2002; Banerjee, 2003; Parris and Kates, 2003; Elliott, 2012; Makana, 2014)....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: The differences between Lkert-type and Likert scale data are discussed and recommendations for descriptive statistics to be used during the analysis are provided and once a researcher understands the difference, the decision on appropriate statistical procedures will be apparent.
Abstract: This article provides information for Extension professionals on the correct analysis of Likert data. The analyses of Likert-type and Likert scale data require unique data analysis procedures, and as a result, misuses and/or mistakes often occur. This article discusses the differences between Likert-type and Likert scale data and provides recommendations for descriptive statistics to be used during the analysis. Once a researcher understands the difference between Likert-type and Likert scale data, the decision on appropriate statistical procedures will be apparent.
1,119 citations