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Explosive welding of metals and its application
01 Jan 1982-
About: The article was published on 1982-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 270 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Welding & Filler metal.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a variety of techniques used to obtain the mechanical properties of materials at high rates of strain (⩾10 s−1) are summarised, including dropweight machines, split Hopkinson pressure bars, Taylor impact and shock loading by plate impact.
683 citations
Cites background from "Explosive welding of metals and its..."
..., but there are many civilian applications as well including quarrying/blasting [160], shielding of orbiting satellites [161], geophysics [162], explosive welding [163], novel materials synthesis [159], etc....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented experimental data and a computational model of the cold spray solid particle impact process on a polished stainless steel substrate and showed that the impact deformation exposes clean surfaces that, under high impact pressures, result in significant bond strengths between the particle and substrate.
Abstract: This article presents experimental data and a computational model of the cold spray solid particle impact process. Copper particles impacting onto a polished stainless steel substrate were examined in this study. The high velocity impact causes significant plastic deformation of both the particle and the substrate, but no melting was observed. The plastic deformation exposes clean surfaces that, under the high impact pressures, result in significant bond strengths between the particle and substrate. Experimental measurements of the splat and crater sizes compare well with the numerical calculations. It was shown that the crater depth is significant and increases with impact velocity. However, the splat diameter is much less sensitive to the impact velocity. It was also shown that the geometric lengths of the splat and crater scale linearly with the diameter of the impacting particle. The results presented will allow a better understanding of the bonding process during cold spray.
418 citations
TL;DR: In this article, stainless steel-titanium plates were joined explosively employing oblique geometry route at different explosive ratios and the bonding was investigated using optical and scanning electron microscopy and tensile-shearing, bending, hardness and corrosion tests were carried out.
258 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the bonding ability of copper and steel with explosion welding was investigated using different ratios of explosive and different stand-off distance, and it was found that, hardness of bonding interface and outer face of plates were increased because of deformation that was originating from impact the effect.
244 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a finite difference engineering package was used to model the oblique impact of a thin flyer plate on a relatively thick base, and the results were validated by data from carefully controlled experiments using a pneumatic gun.
Abstract: Explosively driven impact welding is a true example of multidisciplinary research as the phenomena associated with it fall under the various branches of engineering science. A great deal of the work in, and collaboration between various specialised fields have been expended on the subject. However, a comprehensive quantitative theory capable of giving an accurate description and prediction of the parameters and of the characteristic features of explosively welded components does not exist. Most of the investigators considered the welding process as a solid state welding process, but some believed that the process is a fusion welding process. Interfacial waves are the most discussed aspect of explosive welding. The presence of jet in the collision region, and the transient fluid-like behaviour under high pressure have led many investigators to seek an explanation and a characterisation of these waves in terms of a flow mechanics of one kind or another. In this study, part of the welding process was numerically analysed. A finite difference engineering package was used to model the oblique impact of a thin flyer plate on a relatively thick base. The results were validated by data from carefully controlled experiments using a pneumatic gun. Straight and wavy interfaces and jetting phenomena were modelled, and the magnitude of the waves and the velocity of jet predicted. The numerical analysis predicted a hump ahead of the collision point. Wave formation appears to be the result of variations in the velocity distribution at the collision point and periodic disturbances of the materials. Higher values of plastic strain were predicted in wavy interfaces. Bonding was found to be a solid state welding process. Phase changes which occur may be due to high temperatures (but less than the melting temperature) at the collision point.
228 citations
Cites background or methods or result from "Explosive welding of metals and its..."
...The formation of a hump in the collision zone has been identified (El-Sobky, 1983; Crossland, 1982) as an important phenomenon having a substantial influence on the mechanism of weld formation....
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...This supports the hypothesis that wave formation is a result of extreme metal deformation and that the bonding occurs with no melting and very little diffusion (Bahrani and Crossland, 1964; Crossland, 1982)....
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...The first theory developed was based on the concept of a solid-state welding process (Bahrani and Crossland, 1964; Crossland, 1982)....
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...The predicted jet thickness is, however, in agreement with that obtained using the equation (Crossland, 1982) mj 1⁄4 m=2ð1 cos bÞ....
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...The jet velocity obtained from the simulation was 15–20% lower than that obtained using the standard equation (Crossland, 1982) vj 1⁄4 vp= sin bð1þ cos bÞ where nj is the jet velocity....
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