Exposure of engineered nanomaterials to plants: Insights into the physiological and biochemical responses-A review
TL;DR: This document focuses on crop plants because of their relevance in human nutrition and health and summarized the mechanisms of interaction between plants and ENMs as well as identified gaps in knowledge for future investigations.
About: This article is published in Plant Physiology and Biochemistry.The article was published on 2017-01-01 and is currently open access. It has received 298 citations till now.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: This review examines the research performed in the last decade to show how metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are influencing the plant metabolism and proposed oxidative burst as a general mechanism through which the toxic effects of nanoparticle are spread in plants.
Abstract: An increasing need of nanotechnology in various industries may cause a huge environment dispersion of nanoparticles in coming years. A concern about nanoparticles interaction with flora and fauna is raised due to a growing load of it in the environment. In recent years, several investigators have shown impact of nanoparticles on plant growth and their accumulation in food source. This review examines the research performed in the last decade to show how metal and metal oxide nanoparticles are influencing the plant metabolism. We addressed here, the impact of nanoparticle on plant in relation to its size, concentration, and exposure methodology. Based on the available reports, we proposed oxidative burst as a general mechanism through which the toxic effects of nanoparticles are spread in plants. This review summarizes the current understanding and the future possibilities of plant-nanoparticle research.
474 citations
TL;DR: Although nanofertilizers use in agriculture is offering great opportunities to improve plant nutrition and stress tolerance to achieve higher yields in a frame of climate change, not all nanomaterials will be equally safe for all applications.
301 citations
TL;DR: The potential of nanoparticles as an optimal platform to deliver biomolecules to plants for genetic engineering is discussed, owing to their ability to traverse plant cell walls without external force and highly tunable physicochemical properties for diverse cargo conjugation and broad host range applicability.
261 citations
Cites background from "Exposure of engineered nanomaterial..."
...Conversely, NPs have been shown to improve root [360_TD$DIFF]and leaf growth, and chloroplast production [31]....
[...]
...NP-Mediated Biomolecule Delivery to Plants NP–Plant Interactions To date, most literature on NP–plant systems focuses on plant-based metallic nanomaterial synthesis [28], agrochemical delivery [29], andNPuptake, showing both valuable and deleterious effectsonplantgrowth [30,31]....
[...]
TL;DR: Phytofabricated selenium nanoparticles (PF-SeNPs) were prepared from aqueous fruit extract of Emblica officinalis in a facile, green, economic, tactic and eco-friendly way and could find suitable application as antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industry.
Abstract: In the present study, phytofabricated selenium nanoparticles (PF-SeNPs) were prepared from aqueous fruit extract of Emblica officinalis in a facile, green, economic, tactic and eco-friendly way. The aqueous fruit extract of E. officinalis was found to be rich with various secondary metabolites including phenolics (59.18 ± 2.91 mg gallic acid equivalents/g), flavonoids (38.50 ± 2.84 mg catechin equivalents/g), and tannins (44.28 ± 3.09 mg tannic acid equivalents/g) and determined that highly appropriate for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles. The facile phytofabrication of PF-SeNPs was confirmed by UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopic analysis. The XRD pattern and Raman spectroscopy showed that synthesized PF-SeNPs were amorphous in nature. The Zeta potential analysis confirmed that PF-SeNPs were negatively charged (-24.4 mV). The DLS analysis revealed that PF-SeNPs were in nano size and less aggregated with poly-dispersity index of less than 0.2. The SEM images depicted that PF-SeNPs were spherical in shape. The EDX analysis revealed that PF-SeNPs were constituted with Se (61.60%), C (29.96%), and O (4.41%). The HR-TEM analysis determined that PF-SeNPs were in nano size with an average diameter of 15-40 nm. The PF-SeNPs have offered fascinating bio-potential applications, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and biocompatibility. They have also exhibited dose-dependent free radical scavenging activity, and EC50 was determined as 15.67 ± 1.41 and 18.84 ± 1.02 μg/mL for DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The PF-SeNPs has also shown the wide range of antimicrobial activity on foodborne pathogens, and it was found to be highly efficient on fungi followed by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The biocompatibility of PF-SeNPs was assessed in N2a cells with much higher IC50 value (dose required to inhibit 50% of cell viability) compared to sodium selenite. Also, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and caspase-3 were much less altered on treatment of PF-SeNPs related to sodium selenite. The cytotoxic studies clearly determined that PF-SeNPs was much less toxic and safer related to sodium selenite. Thus, PF-SeNPs could find suitable application as antioxidant and antimicrobial agent in food, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industry.
197 citations
TL;DR: The plant response to a number of metal oxide nanoparticles and their translocation/distribution in root/shoot is summarized to see if they affect the production of seeds, fruits and the plant biomass as a whole.
Abstract: All metal oxide nanoparticles influence the growth and development of plants. They generally enhance or reduce seed germination, shoot/root growth, biomass production and physiological and biochemical activities. Some plant species have not shown any physiological change, although significant variations in antioxidant enzyme activity and upregulation of heat shock protein have been observed. Plants have evolved antioxidant defence mechanism which involves enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic components to prevent oxidative damage and enhance plant resistance to metal oxide toxicity. The exact mechanism of plant defence against the toxicity of nanomaterials has not been fully explored. The absorption and translocation of metal oxide nanoparticles in different parts of the plant depend on their bioavailability, concentration, solubility and exposure time. Further, these nanoparticles may reach other organisms, animals and humans through food chain which may alter the entire biodiversity. This review attempts to summarize the plant response to a number of metal oxide nanoparticles and their translocation/distribution in root/shoot. The toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles has also been considered to see if they affect the production of seeds, fruits and the plant biomass as a whole.
189 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: Monocrystalline graphitic films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect.
Abstract: We describe monocrystalline graphitic films, which are a few atoms thick but are nonetheless stable under ambient conditions, metallic, and of remarkably high quality. The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10 13 per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of ∼10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.
55,532 citations
"Exposure of engineered nanomaterial..." refers background in this paper
...The CNTs are fullerene derivatives that appered in 1991, while graphene was 112 isolated in 2004 (Novoselov et al., 2004; Klaine et al., 2008)....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a truncated icosahedron, a polygon with 60 vertices and 32 faces, 12 of which are pentagonal and 20 hexagonal.
Abstract: During experiments aimed at understanding the mechanisms by which long-chain carbon molecules are formed in interstellar space and circumstellar shells1, graphite has been vaporized by laser irradiation, producing a remarkably stable cluster consisting of 60 carbon atoms. Concerning the question of what kind of 60-carbon atom structure might give rise to a superstable species, we suggest a truncated icosahedron, a polygon with 60 vertices and 32 faces, 12 of which are pentagonal and 20 hexagonal. This object is commonly encountered as the football shown in Fig. 1. The C60 molecule which results when a carbon atom is placed at each vertex of this structure has all valences satisfied by two single bonds and one double bond, has many resonance structures, and appears to be aromatic. Before 1985, it was generally accepted that elemental carbon exists in two forms, or allotropes: diamond and graphite. Then, Kroto et al. identified the signature of a new, stable form of carbon that consisted of clusters of 60 atoms. They called this third allotrope of carbon 'buckminsterfullerene', and proposed that it consisted of polyhedral molecules in which the atoms were arrayed at the vertices of a truncated icosahedron. In 1990, the synthesis of large quantities of C60 [see Nature 347, 354–358 (1990)] confirmed this hypothesis.
13,394 citations
"Exposure of engineered nanomaterial..." refers background in this paper
...Carbon-based nanomaterials 109 Carbon-based nanomaterials started in 1985 with the detection of the first fullerene, 110 which was called “Buckminsterfullerene or the buckyball” (Kroto et al., 1985; Klaine et al., 111 2008)....
[...]
TL;DR: This review critiques existing nanomaterial research in freshwater, marine, and soil environments and illustrates the paucity of existing research and demonstrates the need for additional research.
Abstract: The recent advances in nanotechnology and the corresponding increase in the use of nanomaterials in products in every sector of society have resulted in uncertainties regarding environmental impacts. The objectives of this review are to introduce the key aspects pertaining to nanomaterials in the environment and to discuss what is known concerning their fate, behavior, disposition, and toxicity, with a particular focus on those that make up manufactured nanomaterials. This review critiques existing nanomaterial research in freshwater, marine, and soil environments. It illustrates the paucity of existing research and demonstrates the need for additional research. Environmental scientists are encouraged to base this research on existing studies on colloidal behavior and toxicology. The need for standard reference and testing materials as well as methodology for suspension preparation and testing is also discussed.
2,566 citations
"Exposure of engineered nanomaterial..." refers background or methods in this paper
...The CNTs are fullerene derivatives that appered in 1991, while graphene was 112 isolated in 2004 (Novoselov et al., 2004; Klaine et al., 2008)....
[...]
...…and food packaging technologies are 74 using ENMs, including carbon-based (fullerenes, graphene, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs)) 75 and metal-based (quantum dots, metal and metal oxide) ENMs (Klaine et al., 2008; Peralta-76 Videa et al., 2011; Roco et al., 2011; Bandyopadhyay et al., 2013)....
[...]
TL;DR: The results of this study indicate that risks to aquatic organisms may currently emanate from nano- Ag, nano-TiO(2), and nano-ZnO in sewage treatment effluents for all considered regions and for nano-Ag in surface waters.
Abstract: Engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are already used in many products and consequently released into environmental compartments. In this study, we calculated predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) based on a probabilistic material flow analysis from a life-cycle perspective of ENM-containing products. We modeled nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO, nano-Ag, carbon nanotubes (CNT), and fullerenes for the U.S., Europe and Switzerland. The environmental concentrations were calculated as probabilistic density functions and were compared to data from ecotoxicological studies. The simulated modes (most frequent values) range from 0.003 ng L−1 (fullerenes) to 21 ng L−1 (nano-TiO2) for surface waters and from 4 ng L−1 (fullerenes) to 4 μg L−1 (nano-TiO2) for sewage treatment effluents. For Europe and the U.S., the annual increase of ENMs on sludge-treated soil ranges from 1 ng kg−1 for fullerenes to 89 μg kg−1 for nano-TiO2. The results of this study indicate that risks to aquatic organisms may currently emanate from nano-Ag, n...
2,258 citations
"Exposure of engineered nanomaterial..." refers background in this paper
...As 425 a result, nTiO2 will be in wastewaters and could be taken up by crop plants from biosolid 426 amended agricultural soils (Gottschalk et al., 2009)....
[...]
TL;DR: The most important methods of preparation of ZnO divided into metallurgical and chemical methods are presented and possible applications in various branches of industry: rubber, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, textile, electronic and electrotechnology, photocatalysis were introduced.
Abstract: Zinc oxide can be called a multifunctional material thanks to its unique physical and chemical properties. The first part of this paper presents the most important methods of preparation of ZnO divided into metallurgical and chemical methods. The mechanochemical process, controlled precipitation, sol-gel method, solvothermal and hydrothermal method, method using emulsion and microemulsion enviroment and other methods of obtaining zinc oxide were classified as chemical methods. In the next part of this review, the modification methods of ZnO were characterized. The modification with organic (carboxylic acid, silanes) and inroganic (metal oxides) compounds, and polymer matrices were mainly described. Finally, we present possible applications in various branches of industry: rubber, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, textile, electronic and electrotechnology, photocatalysis were introduced. This review provides useful information for specialist dealings with zinc oxide.
1,790 citations
"Exposure of engineered nanomaterial..." refers background in this paper
...281 282 3.3 Zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) 283 Zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs hold a vast area of applications due to their unique properties such 284 as optical, antimicrobial, wide band gap, increased catalytic efficiency and surface area 285 (Kołodziejczak-Radzimska and Jesionowski 2014)....
[...]