Journal Article•
[Expression of fusion proteins in beta(2)GP I gene-transfected HEp-2 cells and its clinical application].
TL;DR: As a new kind of substrate of IIF, beta( 2)GP I transfectant can be used to detect anti-beta(2)GP-I antibodies and keep the immunofluorescent property of HEp-2 cells in IFANA test and can be use as substrate for routine IFANA detection.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE To establish an indirect immunofluorescent test so as to improve the sensitivity and specificity of examination of antibodies to beta(2)-glycoprotein METHODS Full-length beta(2)GP cDNA was obtained from human hepatocellular cancer cell line HepG2 by RT-PCR and cloned into the mammalian expression vector pEGFP-C1 The recombinant plasmid pEGFP-beta(2)GP was transfected into HEp-2 cells RT-PCR, immunoblotting (IBT), confocal fluorescence microscopy, and indirect immunofluorescent test (IIF) were used to confirm the expression, localization, and antigenicity of fusion protein of green fluorescent protein (GFP) Serum specimens from 19 patients suspected as with secondary antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), 1 patient diagnosed as with primary APS, and 10 normal persons were detected with IIF-IgG-beta(2)GP1, ELISA-IgG-ACL, and ELISA-IgG-beta(2)GP I simultaneously RESULTS (1) The HEp-beta(2)GP I cells thus obtained retained their ability of expression of beta(2)GP-I-GFP for more than ten generations This beta(2)GP-I-GFP showed the antigenicity of beta(2)GP-I with a characteristic feature (2) Seven of the 20 serum specimens from APS patients showed characteristic immunofluorescent pattern No serum specimen from normal persons showed immunofluorescent staining The comparison of results of the three methods showed that the concordance between IIF-IgG-beta(2)GP I and ELISA-IgG-beta(2)GP I was the most perfect (Kappa = 0886) (3) HEp-beta(2)GP I retained the immunofluorescent property of HEp-2 cell CONCLUSION As a new kind of substrate of IIF, beta(2)GP I transfectant can be used to detect anti-beta(2)GP-I antibodies Transfeted HEp-2 cells keep the immunofluorescent property of HEp-2 cells in IFANA test and can be used as substrate for routine IFANA detection
Citations
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Book•
05 Dec 2005TL;DR: Inflationary cosmology has been developed over the last twenty years to remedy serious shortcomings in the standard hot big bang model of the universe as mentioned in this paper and explains the basis of modern cosmology and shows where the theoretical results come from.
Abstract: Inflationary cosmology has been developed over the last twenty years to remedy serious shortcomings in the standard hot big bang model of the universe. This textbook, first published in 2005, explains the basis of modern cosmology and shows where the theoretical results come from. The book is divided into two parts; the first deals with the homogeneous and isotropic model of the Universe, the second part discusses how inhomogeneities can explain its structure. Established material such as the inflation and quantum cosmological perturbation are presented in great detail, however the reader is brought to the frontiers of current cosmological research by the discussion of more speculative ideas. An ideal textbook for both advanced students of physics and astrophysics, all of the necessary background material is included in every chapter and no prior knowledge of general relativity and quantum field theory is assumed.
1,753 citations
TL;DR: The cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion, protease, and cytokine systems that underlie tissue invasion by cancer cells are described and explained to explain how the reciprocal reprogramming of both the tumor cells and the surrounding tissue structures not only guides invasion, but also generates diverse modes of dissemination.
1,693 citations
TL;DR: Overall, it seems clear that there is large variation in both the size of refugia and the duration during which species are confined to them, which has implications for the role ofRefugia in the evolution of species and their genetic diversity.
Abstract: Climate change in the past has led to significant changes in species' distributions. However, how individual species respond to climate change depends largely on their adaptations and environmental tolerances. In the Quaternary, temperate-adapted taxa are in general confined to refugia during glacials while cold-adapted taxa are in refugia during interglacials. In the Northern Hemisphere, evidence appears to be mounting that in addition to traditional southern refugia for temperate species, cryptic refugia existed in the North during glacials. Equivalent cryptic southern refugia, to the south of the more conventional high-latitude polar refugia, exist in montane areas during periods of warm climate, such as the current interglacial. There is also a continental/oceanic longitudinal gradient, which should be included in a more complete consideration of the interaction between species ranges and climates. Overall, it seems clear that there is large variation in both the size of refugia and the duration during which species are confined to them. This has implications for the role of refugia in the evolution of species and their genetic diversity.
1,036 citations
TL;DR: The statistical framework for analysis of tolerance developed in plant science and how this can be applied to animals is described and evidence of genetic and environmental variation for tolerance in animals is reviewed, and studies indicating which mechanisms could contribute to this variation are reviewed.
Abstract: Plant biologists have long recognized that host defence against parasites and pathogens can be divided into two conceptually different components: the ability to limit parasite burden (resistance) and the ability to limit the harm caused by a given burden (tolerance). Together these two components determine how well a host is protected against the effects of parasitism. This distinction is useful because it recognizes that hosts that are best at controlling parasite burdens are not necessarily the healthiest. Moreover, resistance and tolerance can be expected to have different effects on the epidemiology of infectious diseases and host–parasite coevolution. However, studies of defence in animals have to date focused on resistance, whereas the possibility of tolerance and its implications have been largely overlooked. The aim of our review is to (i) describe the statistical framework for analysis of tolerance developed in plant science and how this can be applied to animals, (ii) review evidence of genetic and environmental variation for tolerance in animals, and studies indicating which mechanisms could contribute to this variation, and (iii) outline avenues for future research on this topic.
694 citations
TL;DR: Inhibition of the association of the gelatinases with cell-surface integrins appears to offer highly specific means to target these enzymes without inhibiting their catalytic activity in multiple cell types including endothelial cells, tumor cells and leukocytes.
639 citations
References
More filters
Book•
05 Dec 2005TL;DR: Inflationary cosmology has been developed over the last twenty years to remedy serious shortcomings in the standard hot big bang model of the universe as mentioned in this paper and explains the basis of modern cosmology and shows where the theoretical results come from.
Abstract: Inflationary cosmology has been developed over the last twenty years to remedy serious shortcomings in the standard hot big bang model of the universe. This textbook, first published in 2005, explains the basis of modern cosmology and shows where the theoretical results come from. The book is divided into two parts; the first deals with the homogeneous and isotropic model of the Universe, the second part discusses how inhomogeneities can explain its structure. Established material such as the inflation and quantum cosmological perturbation are presented in great detail, however the reader is brought to the frontiers of current cosmological research by the discussion of more speculative ideas. An ideal textbook for both advanced students of physics and astrophysics, all of the necessary background material is included in every chapter and no prior knowledge of general relativity and quantum field theory is assumed.
1,753 citations
TL;DR: The cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion, protease, and cytokine systems that underlie tissue invasion by cancer cells are described and explained to explain how the reciprocal reprogramming of both the tumor cells and the surrounding tissue structures not only guides invasion, but also generates diverse modes of dissemination.
1,693 citations
TL;DR: Overall, it seems clear that there is large variation in both the size of refugia and the duration during which species are confined to them, which has implications for the role ofRefugia in the evolution of species and their genetic diversity.
Abstract: Climate change in the past has led to significant changes in species' distributions. However, how individual species respond to climate change depends largely on their adaptations and environmental tolerances. In the Quaternary, temperate-adapted taxa are in general confined to refugia during glacials while cold-adapted taxa are in refugia during interglacials. In the Northern Hemisphere, evidence appears to be mounting that in addition to traditional southern refugia for temperate species, cryptic refugia existed in the North during glacials. Equivalent cryptic southern refugia, to the south of the more conventional high-latitude polar refugia, exist in montane areas during periods of warm climate, such as the current interglacial. There is also a continental/oceanic longitudinal gradient, which should be included in a more complete consideration of the interaction between species ranges and climates. Overall, it seems clear that there is large variation in both the size of refugia and the duration during which species are confined to them. This has implications for the role of refugia in the evolution of species and their genetic diversity.
1,036 citations
TL;DR: The statistical framework for analysis of tolerance developed in plant science and how this can be applied to animals is described and evidence of genetic and environmental variation for tolerance in animals is reviewed, and studies indicating which mechanisms could contribute to this variation are reviewed.
Abstract: Plant biologists have long recognized that host defence against parasites and pathogens can be divided into two conceptually different components: the ability to limit parasite burden (resistance) and the ability to limit the harm caused by a given burden (tolerance). Together these two components determine how well a host is protected against the effects of parasitism. This distinction is useful because it recognizes that hosts that are best at controlling parasite burdens are not necessarily the healthiest. Moreover, resistance and tolerance can be expected to have different effects on the epidemiology of infectious diseases and host–parasite coevolution. However, studies of defence in animals have to date focused on resistance, whereas the possibility of tolerance and its implications have been largely overlooked. The aim of our review is to (i) describe the statistical framework for analysis of tolerance developed in plant science and how this can be applied to animals, (ii) review evidence of genetic and environmental variation for tolerance in animals, and studies indicating which mechanisms could contribute to this variation, and (iii) outline avenues for future research on this topic.
694 citations
TL;DR: Inhibition of the association of the gelatinases with cell-surface integrins appears to offer highly specific means to target these enzymes without inhibiting their catalytic activity in multiple cell types including endothelial cells, tumor cells and leukocytes.
639 citations