Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics
TL;DR: Schmelcher et al. as discussed by the authors enthált sechs Beitrage, in denen punktuell und exemplarisch der Stand der Forschung beleuchtet wird.
Abstract: Der vorliegende Band enthált sechs Beitrage, in denen punktuell und exemplarisch der Stand der Forschung beleuchtet wird. Ein Beitrag von Codling und Frasinski beschreibt in erster Linie Experimente zum noch wenig verstandenen Phânomen der dissoziativen Ionisation von Molekülen, bei dem diese in einem intensiven Laserfeld mehrere Elektronén verlieren und in Ionen mit hoher kinetischer Energie zerfallen. Ein wesentlicher Teil dieses Beitrags widmet sich einer von den Autoren entwickelten Auswertungstechnik, welche die Korrelationen zwischen den Fiugzeiten emittierter Ionen und Elektronén sichtbar macht. Es folgen drei Beitrage zur Théorie. Schmelcher und Cederbaum beschreiben Effekte starker statischer Felder, die nur dann zu verstehen sind, wenn die Nicht-Separation der Schwerpunktsbewegung im auBeren Magnetfeld korrekt beriicksichtigt wird. Dies fiihrt
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TL;DR: Efficiency and, in particular, efficiency at maximum power can be discussed systematically beyond the linear response regime for two classes of molecular machines, isothermal ones such as molecular motors, and heat engines such as thermoelectric devices, using a common framework based on a cycle decomposition of entropy production.
Abstract: Stochastic thermodynamics as reviewed here systematically provides a framework for extending the notions of classical thermodynamics such as work, heat and entropy production to the level of individual trajectories of well-defined non-equilibrium ensembles. It applies whenever a non-equilibrium process is still coupled to one (or several) heat bath(s) of constant temperature. Paradigmatic systems are single colloidal particles in time-dependent laser traps, polymers in external flow, enzymes and molecular motors in single molecule assays, small biochemical networks and thermoelectric devices involving single electron transport. For such systems, a first-law like energy balance can be identified along fluctuating trajectories. For a basic Markovian dynamics implemented either on the continuum level with Langevin equations or on a discrete set of states as a master equation, thermodynamic consistency imposes a local-detailed balance constraint on noise and rates, respectively. Various integral and detailed fluctuation theorems, which are derived here in a unifying approach from one master theorem, constrain the probability distributions for work, heat and entropy production depending on the nature of the system and the choice of non-equilibrium conditions. For non-equilibrium steady states, particularly strong results hold like a generalized fluctuation–dissipation theorem involving entropy production. Ramifications and applications of these concepts include optimal driving between specified states in finite time, the role of measurement-based feedback processes and the relation between dissipation and irreversibility. Efficiency and, in particular, efficiency at maximum power can be discussed systematically beyond the linear response regime for two classes of molecular machines, isothermal ones such as molecular motors, and heat engines such as thermoelectric devices, using a common framework based on a cycle decomposition of entropy production. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal) This article was invited by Erwin Frey.
2,834 citations
Cites background from "Extended Irreversible Thermodynamic..."
...On a more coarse-grained level, phenomenological thermodynamic theories of nonequilibrium systems have been developed inter alia under the label of “extended irreversible thermodynamics” [43], ”GENERIC” [44], “mesoscopic dynamics of thermodynamic systems” [45] and “steady state thermodynamics” [46, 47]....
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TL;DR: The mathematical and theoretical physics underpinnings of the relativistic (multiple) fluid model are discussed, including the variational principle approach championed by Brandon Carter and his collaborators, in which a crucial element is to distinguish the momenta that are conjugate to particle number density currents.
Abstract: The relativistic fluid is a highly successful model used to describe the dynamics of many-particle, relativistic systems. It takes as input basic physics from microscopic scales and yields as output predictions of bulk, macroscopic motion. By inverting the process, an understanding of bulk features can lead to insight into physics on the microscopic scale. Relativistic fluids have been used to model systems as “small” as heavy ions in collisions, and as large as the Universe itself, with “intermediate” sized objects like neutron stars being considered along the way. The purpose of this review is to discuss the mathematical and theoretical physics underpinnings of the relativistic (multiple) fluid model. We focus on the variational principle approach championed by Brandon Carter and his collaborators, in which a crucial element is to distinguish the momenta that are conjugate to the particle number density currents. This approach differs from the “standard” text-book derivation of the equations of motion from the divergence of the stress-energy tensor in that one explicitly obtains the relativistic Euler equation as an “integrability” condition on the relativistic vorticity. We discuss the conservation laws and the equations of motion in detail, and provide a number of (in our opinion) interesting and relevant applications of the general theory.
343 citations
Cites background from "Extended Irreversible Thermodynamic..."
...This leads to an extended Gibbs relation (similar to that postulated in many approaches to extended thermodynamics; Jou et al. 1993);...
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...In the latter case, the deduced speed is exactly what one would expect (Jou et al. 1993)....
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...The issue has been a main motivating factor behind the development of extended irreversible thermodynamics (Jou et al. 1993; Müller and Ruggeri 1993), a model which introduces additional dynamical fields in order to retain hyperbolicity and causality....
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...Finally, despite the successes of the extended thermodynamics framework (Jou et al. 1993), there is no universal agreement concerning the validity (and usefulness) of the results....
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...This is, however, a feature that is shared by all models within the extended thermodynamics framework (Jou et al. 1993)....
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TL;DR: Two recently developed multiscale computational tools are able to extract information from cardiac interbeat interval time series not contained in traditional methods based on mean, variance or Fourier spectrum (two-point correlation) techniques.
Abstract: Cardiovascular signals are largely analyzed using traditional time and frequency domain measures. However, such measures fail to account for important properties related to multiscale organization and non-equilibrium dynamics. The complementary role of conventional signal analysis methods and emerging multiscale techniques, is, therefore, an important frontier area of investigation. The key finding of this presentation is that two recently developed multiscale computational tools--multiscale entropy and multiscale time irreversibility--are able to extract information from cardiac interbeat interval time series not contained in traditional methods based on mean, variance or Fourier spectrum (two-point correlation) techniques. These new methods, with careful attention to their limitations, may be useful in diagnostics, risk stratification and detection of toxicity of cardiac drugs.
279 citations
Cites background from "Extended Irreversible Thermodynamic..."
...’’ Based on a statistical physics approach [12] we considered that the relationship between energy E for each transition and the probability p of observing that transition was: E = p ln p....
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TL;DR: In this article, the basic tenets and procedures in implementing phonon hydrodynamics in nanoscale heat transport are presented through a review of its recent wide applications in modeling thermal transport properties of nanostructures.
195 citations
Cites background or methods from "Extended Irreversible Thermodynamic..."
...all the higher-order fluxes of heat flux (respectively related to higher-order moments of phonon distribution function), thus leading to a hierarchy of coupled equations for the higher-order fluxes [40,109]....
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...The flux of heat flux Q is defined based on the balance equation of heat flux as in extended thermodynamics [40,187]:...
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...In recent years, the rapid progress in micro- and nanoscale heat transport induces generalized heat transport equations, which foster the development of irreversible thermodynamic theories [226,227] such as rational thermodynamics [228], rational extended thermodynamics [187], extended irreversible thermodynamics [40], weakly nonlocal thermodynamics [229] and GENERIC [230]....
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...In addition, the firstorder Chapman–Enskog expansion to Boltzmann transport equation can also yield the Navier–Stokes equation [154]; the entropy balance equation and expressions of entropy flux in CIT can be derived from the kinetic theory of gases [40,219]....
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...(56) is exactly the Cattaneo–Vernotte (C–V) equation [89,195] which adds the thermo inertia effect [40,88,187] into the classical Fourier’s law....
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Abstract: The present paper reports our attempt to search for a new universal framework in nonequilibrium physics. We propose a thermodynamic formalism that is expected to apply to a large class of nonequilibrium steady states including a heat conducting fluid, a sheared fluid, and an electrically conducting fluid. We call our theory steady state thermodynamics (SST) after Oono and Paniconi's original proposal. The construction of SST is based on a careful examination of how the basic notions in thermodynamics should be modified in nonequilibrium steady states. We define all thermodynamic quantities through operational procedures which can be (in principle) realized experimentally. Based on SST thus constructed, we make some nontrivial predictions, including an extension of Einstein's formula on density fluctuation, an extension of the minimum work principle, the existence of a new osmotic pressure of a purely nonequilibrium origin, and a shift of coexistence temperature. All these predictions may be checked experimentally to test SST for its quantitative validity.
175 citations
Cites background from "Extended Irreversible Thermodynamic..."
...A considerable amount of works appear under the name extended irreversible thermodynamics [61, 62]....
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References
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TL;DR: Efficiency and, in particular, efficiency at maximum power can be discussed systematically beyond the linear response regime for two classes of molecular machines, isothermal ones such as molecular motors, and heat engines such as thermoelectric devices, using a common framework based on a cycle decomposition of entropy production.
Abstract: Stochastic thermodynamics as reviewed here systematically provides a framework for extending the notions of classical thermodynamics such as work, heat and entropy production to the level of individual trajectories of well-defined non-equilibrium ensembles. It applies whenever a non-equilibrium process is still coupled to one (or several) heat bath(s) of constant temperature. Paradigmatic systems are single colloidal particles in time-dependent laser traps, polymers in external flow, enzymes and molecular motors in single molecule assays, small biochemical networks and thermoelectric devices involving single electron transport. For such systems, a first-law like energy balance can be identified along fluctuating trajectories. For a basic Markovian dynamics implemented either on the continuum level with Langevin equations or on a discrete set of states as a master equation, thermodynamic consistency imposes a local-detailed balance constraint on noise and rates, respectively. Various integral and detailed fluctuation theorems, which are derived here in a unifying approach from one master theorem, constrain the probability distributions for work, heat and entropy production depending on the nature of the system and the choice of non-equilibrium conditions. For non-equilibrium steady states, particularly strong results hold like a generalized fluctuation–dissipation theorem involving entropy production. Ramifications and applications of these concepts include optimal driving between specified states in finite time, the role of measurement-based feedback processes and the relation between dissipation and irreversibility. Efficiency and, in particular, efficiency at maximum power can be discussed systematically beyond the linear response regime for two classes of molecular machines, isothermal ones such as molecular motors, and heat engines such as thermoelectric devices, using a common framework based on a cycle decomposition of entropy production. (Some figures may appear in colour only in the online journal) This article was invited by Erwin Frey.
2,834 citations
TL;DR: The mathematical and theoretical physics underpinnings of the relativistic (multiple) fluid model are discussed, including the variational principle approach championed by Brandon Carter and his collaborators, in which a crucial element is to distinguish the momenta that are conjugate to particle number density currents.
Abstract: The relativistic fluid is a highly successful model used to describe the dynamics of many-particle, relativistic systems. It takes as input basic physics from microscopic scales and yields as output predictions of bulk, macroscopic motion. By inverting the process, an understanding of bulk features can lead to insight into physics on the microscopic scale. Relativistic fluids have been used to model systems as “small” as heavy ions in collisions, and as large as the Universe itself, with “intermediate” sized objects like neutron stars being considered along the way. The purpose of this review is to discuss the mathematical and theoretical physics underpinnings of the relativistic (multiple) fluid model. We focus on the variational principle approach championed by Brandon Carter and his collaborators, in which a crucial element is to distinguish the momenta that are conjugate to the particle number density currents. This approach differs from the “standard” text-book derivation of the equations of motion from the divergence of the stress-energy tensor in that one explicitly obtains the relativistic Euler equation as an “integrability” condition on the relativistic vorticity. We discuss the conservation laws and the equations of motion in detail, and provide a number of (in our opinion) interesting and relevant applications of the general theory.
343 citations
TL;DR: Two recently developed multiscale computational tools are able to extract information from cardiac interbeat interval time series not contained in traditional methods based on mean, variance or Fourier spectrum (two-point correlation) techniques.
Abstract: Cardiovascular signals are largely analyzed using traditional time and frequency domain measures. However, such measures fail to account for important properties related to multiscale organization and non-equilibrium dynamics. The complementary role of conventional signal analysis methods and emerging multiscale techniques, is, therefore, an important frontier area of investigation. The key finding of this presentation is that two recently developed multiscale computational tools--multiscale entropy and multiscale time irreversibility--are able to extract information from cardiac interbeat interval time series not contained in traditional methods based on mean, variance or Fourier spectrum (two-point correlation) techniques. These new methods, with careful attention to their limitations, may be useful in diagnostics, risk stratification and detection of toxicity of cardiac drugs.
279 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the basic tenets and procedures in implementing phonon hydrodynamics in nanoscale heat transport are presented through a review of its recent wide applications in modeling thermal transport properties of nanostructures.
195 citations
Abstract: The present paper reports our attempt to search for a new universal framework in nonequilibrium physics. We propose a thermodynamic formalism that is expected to apply to a large class of nonequilibrium steady states including a heat conducting fluid, a sheared fluid, and an electrically conducting fluid. We call our theory steady state thermodynamics (SST) after Oono and Paniconi's original proposal. The construction of SST is based on a careful examination of how the basic notions in thermodynamics should be modified in nonequilibrium steady states. We define all thermodynamic quantities through operational procedures which can be (in principle) realized experimentally. Based on SST thus constructed, we make some nontrivial predictions, including an extension of Einstein's formula on density fluctuation, an extension of the minimum work principle, the existence of a new osmotic pressure of a purely nonequilibrium origin, and a shift of coexistence temperature. All these predictions may be checked experimentally to test SST for its quantitative validity.
175 citations