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Externalities in Socially-Based Resource Sharing Network.

TL;DR: It is shown that network density is inversely proportional to positive externalities, and further, it plays a crucial role in determining the kind of externalities.
Abstract: This paper investigates the impact of link formation between a pair of agents on resource availability of other agents in a social cloud network, which is a special case of socially-based resource sharing systems. Specifically, we study the correlation between externalities, network size, and network density. We first conjecture and experimentally support that if an agent experiences positive externalities, then its closeness (harmonic centrality measure) should increase. Next, we show the following for ring networks: in less populated networks no agent experiences positive externalities; in more populated networks a set of agents experience positive externalities, and larger the distance between agents forming a link, more the number of beneficiaries; and the number of beneficiaries is always less than the number of non-beneficiaries. Finally, we show that network density is inversely proportional to positive externalities, and further, it plays a crucial role in determining the kind of externalities.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the impact of link addition and deletion on local and global resource availability, and analyze spillover effects in terms of the impact between a pair of agents on others' utility.
Abstract: This paper focuses on social cloud formation, where agents are involved in a closeness-based conditional resource sharing and build their resource sharing network themselves The objectives of this paper are: (1) to investigate the impact of agents' decisions of link addition and deletion on their local and global resource availability, (2) to analyze spillover effects in terms of the impact of link addition between a pair of agents on others' utility, (3) to study the role of agents' closeness in determining what type of spillover effects these agents experience in the network, and (4) to model the choices of agents that suggest with whom they want to add links in the social cloud The findings include the following Firstly, agents' decision of link addition (deletion) increases (decreases) their local resource availability However, these observations do not hold in the case of global resource availability Secondly, in a connected network, agents experience either positive or negative spillover effect and there is no case with no spillover effects Agents observe no spillover effects if and only if the network is disconnected and consists of more than two components (sub-networks) Furthermore, if there is no change in the closeness of an agent (not involved in link addition) due to a newly added link, then the agent experiences negative spillover effect Although an increase in the closeness of agents is necessary in order to experience positive spillover effects, the condition is not sufficient By focusing on parameters such as closeness and shortest distances, we provide conditions under which agents choose to add links so as to maximise their resource availability
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work characterizes networked structures in terms of nodes (individual actors, people, or things within the network) and the ties, edges, or links that connect them.
Abstract: Social Network Analysis Methods And Social network analysis (SNA) is the process of investigating social structures through the use of networks and graph theory. It characterizes networked structures in terms of nodes (individual actors, people, or things within the network) and the ties, edges, or links (relationships or interactions) that connect them. Examples of social structures commonly visualized through social network ...

12,634 citations


"Externalities in Socially-Based Res..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Network Density Network density of a network g is the ratio of the number of existing links in g to the maximum number of possible links in g (Wasserman and Faust 1994)....

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  • ...Network density of a network g is the ratio of the number of existing links in g to the maximum number of possible links in g (Wasserman and Faust 1994)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors study the stability and efficiency of social and economic networks when self-interested individuals can form or sever links, and show that there does not always exist a stable network that is efficient.

2,660 citations


"Externalities in Socially-Based Res..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...This is motivated from a related definition given by Jackson and Wolinsky (1996)....

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  • ...The endogenous network formation literature consists of several network formation models, which exhibit only positive externalities (Jackson and Wolinsky 1996; Goyal and Joshi 2006b; Belleflamme and Bloch 2004), only negative externalities (Jackson and Wolinsky 1996; Goyal and Joshi 2006a,b), both positive-negative externalities...

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  • ...The endogenous network formation literature consists of several network formation models, which exhibit only positive externalities (Jackson and Wolinsky 1996; Goyal and Joshi 2006b; Belleflamme and Bloch 2004), only negative externalities (Jackson and Wolinsky 1996; Goyal and Joshi 2006a,b), both…...

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  • ...…of several network formation models, which exhibit only positive externalities (Jackson and Wolinsky 1996; Goyal and Joshi 2006b; Belleflamme and Bloch 2004), only negative externalities (Jackson and Wolinsky 1996; Goyal and Joshi 2006a,b), both positive-negative externalities CONTACT Kapil Ahuja....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This study tries to provide a mathematically sound survey of the most important classic centrality measures known from the literature and proposes an axiomatic approach to establish whether they are actually doing what they have been designed to do, and suggests that centrality Measures based on distances, which in recent years have been neglected in information retrieval, do provide high-quality signals.
Abstract: Given a social network, which of its nodes are more central? This question has been asked many times in sociology, psychology, and computer science, and a whole plethora of centrality measures (a.k.a. centrality indices, or rankings) were proposed to account for the importance of the nodes of a network. In this study, we try to provide a mathematically sound survey of the most important classic centrality measures known from the literature and propose an axiomatic approach to establish whether they are actually doing what they have been designed to do. Our axioms suggest some simple, basic properties that a centrality measure should exhibit.Surprisingly, only a new simple measure based on distances, harmonic centrality, turns out to satisfy all axioms; essentially, harmonic centrality is a correction to Bavelas’s classic closeness centrality [Bavelas 50] designed to take unreachable nodes into account in a natural way.As a sanity check, we examine in turn each measure under the lens of information...

407 citations


"Externalities in Socially-Based Res..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...In order to capture this notion of closeness, we make use of the harmonic centrality measure discussed in Boldi and Vigna (2014) and is given as follows: Φi(g) = ∑ j∈g\{i} 1 dij(g) . where Φi(g) denotes how close an agent i is to others in g (or how close other agents are to i in g)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper defines Social Cloud computing, outlining various aspects of Social Clouds, and demonstrates the approach using a social storage cloud implementation in Facebook.
Abstract: Online relationships in social networks are often based on real world relationships and can therefore be used to infer a level of trust between users. We propose leveraging these relationships to form a dynamic "Social Cloud,” thereby enabling users to share heterogeneous resources within the context of a social network. In addition, the inherent socially corrective mechanisms (incentives, disincentives) can be used to enable a cloud-based framework for long term sharing with lower privacy concerns and security overheads than are present in traditional cloud environments. Due to the unique nature of the Social Cloud, a social market place is proposed as a means of regulating sharing. The social market is novel, as it uses both social and economic protocols to facilitate trading. This paper defines Social Cloud computing, outlining various aspects of Social Clouds, and demonstrates the approach using a social storage cloud implementation in Facebook.

248 citations


"Externalities in Socially-Based Res..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Social Cloud g = (N,L) is a resource (e.g., disk space) sharing (or trading) network consisting of two sets; N (a set of agents, who are engaged in resource sharing) and L (a set of links connecting these agents)....

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  • ...Social Cloud (Chard et al. 2012), BuddyBackup1 or CrashPlan2 are few examples of socially-based resource sharing systems....

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  • ...…(Report ID: 978-1-68038; On-line available at: https://kbvresearch.com/data-backup-and-recovery-market/) expects that the data backup and recovery market will grow at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 10.2 during the forecast period and reach $12.9 billion by 2023. them (Chard et al. 2012)....

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  • ...In recent years, this area of research has emerged at the intersection of computer science (Chard et al. 2012; Blume et al. 2015) and economics3....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors study a setting with many countries and explore the effects of asymmetries across countries and political economy considerations on the incentives to form trade agreements, finding that, in symmetric settings, bilateralism is consistent with global free trade.
Abstract: We study a setting with many countries; in each country there are firms that can sell in the domestic as well as foreign markets. Countries can sign bilateral free-trade agreements that lower import tariffs and thereby facilitate trade. We allow a country to sign any number of bilateral free-trade agreements. A profile of free-trade agreements defines the trading regime. Our principal finding is that, in symmetric settings, bilateralism is consistent with global free trade. We also explore the effects of asymmetries across countries and political economy considerations on the incentives to form trade agreements.

209 citations


"Externalities in Socially-Based Res..." refers background in this paper

  • ...…of several network formation models, which exhibit only positive externalities (Jackson and Wolinsky 1996; Goyal and Joshi 2006b; Belleflamme and Bloch 2004), only negative externalities (Jackson and Wolinsky 1996; Goyal and Joshi 2006a,b), both positive-negative externalities CONTACT Kapil Ahuja....

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  • ...…network formation literature consists of several network formation models, which exhibit only positive externalities (Jackson and Wolinsky 1996; Goyal and Joshi 2006b; Belleflamme and Bloch 2004), only negative externalities (Jackson and Wolinsky 1996; Goyal and Joshi 2006a,b), both…...

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