Extracellular vesicle interactions with the external and internal exposome in mediating carcinogenesis.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the overall role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in response to various external and internal signals in cancer, and highlight the biogenesis, secretion, and content of EVs in response of oncogenic transformation and metabolic regulators in cancer.
About: This article is published in Molecular Aspects of Medicine.The article was published on 2021-10-07. It has received 4 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Exposome & Extracellular vesicles.
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TL;DR: Extracellular Vesicles (EV) are membrane vesicles surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and include microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, exosomes, and exomeres as mentioned in this paper .
Abstract: Extracellular vesicles (EV) are membrane vesicles surrounded by a lipid bilayer membrane and include microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, exosomes, and exomeres. Exosome-encapsulated microRNAs (miRNAs) released from cancer cells are involved in the proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells via angiogenesis. On the other hand, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy, which is being employed in regenerative medicine owing to the ability of MSCs to differentiate into various cells, is due to humoral factors, including messenger RNA (mRNA), miRNAs, proteins, and lipids, which are encapsulated in exosomes derived from transplanted cells. New treatments that advocate cell-free therapy using MSC-derived exosomes will significantly improve clinical practice. Therefore, using highly purified exosomes that perform their original functions is desirable. In this review, we summarized advances in the purification, modification, and application of EVs as novel strategies to treat some diseases.
3 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors reported the first nanoscale fluorescent visualization of tumor-originating vesicles bearing an angiogenic microRNA (miR)-126 cargo.
3 citations
1 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors provide promising cancer treatment strategies targeting the phosphatidylserine-mediated coagulation cascade and fill current knowledge gaps and investigate the therapeutic potential of coagulated factor inhibitors within the context of cancer treatment.
Abstract: Simple Summary Microparticles (MPs) play a key role in intercellular communication and mediate many features of cancers by delivering their various biomolecular cargos (including phospholipids). Increased release of phosphatidylserine-rich MPs from cancer and blood cells promotes tumor development and progression. Cancer cell signaling contributes to the formation of hypercoagulability, which in turn facilitates tumor progression. This review links coagulation activation with the process of metastatic tumor spread, including angiogenesis and matrix degradation. Therefore, anticoagulation can not only reduce thrombus formation but also slow tumor progression, which is of great significance for patient treatment. We provide promising cancer treatment strategies targeting the phosphatidylserine-mediated coagulation cascade and fill current knowledge gaps. Abstract Tumor progression and cancer metastasis has been linked to the release of microparticles (MPs), which are shed upon cell activation or apoptosis and display parental cell antigens, phospholipids such as phosphatidylserine (PS), and nucleic acids on their external surfaces. In this review, we highlight the biogenesis of MPs as well as the pathophysiological processes of PS externalization and its involvement in coagulation activation. We review the available evidence, suggesting that coagulation factors (mainly tissue factor, thrombin, and fibrin) assist in multiple steps of tumor dissemination, including epithelial–mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix remodeling, immune escape, and tumor angiogenesis to support the formation of the pre-metastatic niche. Platelets are not just bystander cells in circulation but are functional players in primary tumor growth and metastasis. Tumor-induced platelet aggregation protects circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from the blood flow shear forces and immune cell attack while also promoting the binding of CTCs to endothelial cells and extravasation, which activates tumor invasion and sustains metastasis. Finally, in terms of therapy, lactadherin can inhibit coagulation by competing effectively with coagulation factors for PS binding sites and may similarly delay tumor progression. Furthermore, we also investigate the therapeutic potential of coagulation factor inhibitors within the context of cancer treatment. The development of multiple therapies targeting platelet activation and platelet–tumor cell interactions may not only reduce the lethal consequences of thrombosis but also impede tumor growth and spread.
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TL;DR: Recognition of the widespread applicability of these concepts will increasingly affect the development of new means to treat human cancer.
51,099 citations
10,654 citations
TL;DR: This review focuses on the characterization of EVs and on currently proposed mechanisms for their formation, targeting, and function.
Abstract: Cells release into the extracellular environment diverse types of membrane vesicles of endosomal and plasma membrane origin called exosomes and microvesicles, respectively. These extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent an important mode of intercellular communication by serving as vehicles for transfer between cells of membrane and cytosolic proteins, lipids, and RNA. Deficiencies in our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms for EV formation and lack of methods to interfere with the packaging of cargo or with vesicle release, however, still hamper identification of their physiological relevance in vivo. In this review, we focus on the characterization of EVs and on currently proposed mechanisms for their formation, targeting, and function.
6,141 citations
TL;DR: Extracellular vesicles are now considered as an additional mechanism for intercellular communication, allowing cells to exchange proteins, lipids and genetic material.
Abstract: Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures comprising exosomes and microvesicles, which originate from the endosomal system or which are shed from the plasma membrane, respectively They are present in biological fluids and are involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes Extracellular vesicles are now considered as an additional mechanism for intercellular communication, allowing cells to exchange proteins, lipids and genetic material Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern extracellular vesicle biology is essential to shed light on the physiological and pathological functions of these vesicles as well as on clinical applications involving their use and/or analysis However, in this expanding field, much remains unknown regarding the origin, biogenesis, secretion, targeting and fate of these vesicles
4,241 citations
TL;DR: Inherited genetic factors make a minor contribution to susceptibility to most types of neoplasms, which indicates that the environment has the principal role in causing sporadic cancer.
Abstract: Background The contribution of hereditary factors to the causation of sporadic cancer is unclear. Studies of twins make it possible to estimate the overall contribution of inherited genes to the development of malignant diseases. Methods We combined data on 44,788 pairs of twins listed in the Swedish, Danish, and Finnish twin registries in order to assess the risks of cancer at 28 anatomical sites for the twins of persons with cancer. Statistical modeling was used to estimate the relative importance of heritable and environmental factors in causing cancer at 11 of those sites. Results At least one cancer occurred in 10,803 persons among 9512 pairs of twins. An increased risk was found among the twins of affected persons for stomach, colorectal, lung, breast, and prostate cancer. Statistically significant effects of heritable factors were observed for prostate cancer (42 percent of the risk may be explained by heritable factors; 95 percent confidence interval, 29 to 50 percent), colorectal cancer (35 perce...
4,009 citations