Extraction and characterization of chitin and chitosan from fishery waste by chemical method
TL;DR: In this paper, the obtained chitin and chitosan have been characterized by using different techniques like spectral analysis, X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
Abstract: After cellulose, chitin is the most widespread biopolymer available in nature. Chitin has economic value because of its biological activities, industrial and biomedical applications. There are three sources of chitin, namely crustaceans, insects and microorganism. The commercial sources of chitin are shells of crustaceans such as shrimp, crabs, lobsters and krill. In the present study, chitin has been extracted from locally available fish in Rourkela. The obtained chitin was converted into the more useful chitosan. The obtained chitin and chitosan have been characterized by using different techniques like spectral analysis, X-ray diffraction, Elemental analysis, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). XRD analysis indicated the crystalline nature of the chitin and chitosan. The FTIR patterns displayed the bands corresponding to stretching and vibration of O-H, N-H and CO bonds and conformed the formation of α -chitin. Degree of deacetylation (DD) value was calculated using elemental analysis, potentiometric titration and FTIR. Using FTIR analysis DD value was found to be 61%.
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TL;DR: In this review, various methods of chitosan extraction will be approached and compared; the importance of a new method of ecological extraction will been emphasized and several chemical modifications have been reported.
413 citations
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TL;DR: Prepared chitosan was characterized by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, Scanning electron microscope and Thermogravimetric analysis and TGA results demonstrated the lower thermal stability of chitOSan.
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TL;DR: It is attempted here to draw a comprehensive overview of chitosan emerging applications in medicine, tissue engineering, drug delivery, gene therapy, cancer therapy, ophthalmology, dentistry, bio-imaging,Bio-sensing and diagnosis.
Abstract: Biomedical engineering seeks to enhance the quality of life by developing advanced materials and technologies. Chitosan-based biomaterials have attracted significant attention because of having unique chemical structures with desired biocompatibility and biodegradability, which play different roles in membranes, sponges and scaffolds, along with promising biological properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and non-toxicity. Therefore, chitosan derivatives have been widely used in a vast variety of uses, chiefly pharmaceuticals and biomedical engineering. It is attempted here to draw a comprehensive overview of chitosan emerging applications in medicine, tissue engineering, drug delivery, gene therapy, cancer therapy, ophthalmology, dentistry, bio-imaging, bio-sensing and diagnosis. The use of Stem Cells (SCs) has given an interesting feature to the use of chitosan so that regenerative medicine and therapeutic methods have benefited from chitosan-based platforms. Plenty of the most recent discussions with stimulating ideas in this field are covered that could hopefully serve as hints for more developed works in biomedical engineering.
156 citations
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TL;DR: Chitin is the second most important natural polymer in the world as mentioned in this paper, and the main sources of chitin are two marine crustaceans, shrimp and crabs, which are used for food, cosmetics, biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
6,365 citations
TL;DR: It is evident from a literature survey of about 210 recent papers that low-cost sorbents have demonstrated outstanding removal capabilities for certain dyes, and chitosan might be a promising adsorbent for environmental and purification purposes.
3,906 citations
TL;DR: This review deals with the fundamental aspects of chitin and chitosan such as the preparation of chItosan, crystallography, extent of N-acetylation, and some properties, and recent progress of their chemistry is discussed.
Abstract: Chitin and chitosan, typical marine polysaccharides as well as abundant biomass resources, are attracting a great deal of attention because of their distinctive biological and physicochemical characteristics. To fully explore the high potential of these specialty biopolymers, basic and application researches are being made extensively. This review deals with the fundamental aspects of chitin and chitosan such as the preparation of chitin and chitosan, crystallography, extent of N-acetylation, and some properties. Recent progress of their chemistry is then discussed, focusing on elemental modification reactions including acylation, alkylation, Schiff base formation and reductive alkylation, carboxyalkylation, phthaloylation, silylation, tosylation, quaternary salt formation, and sulfation and thiolation.
1,034 citations
TL;DR: A complete chemical and physicochemical characterization of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives is not possible without using spectroscopic techniques, so this review focuses on the application of Spectroscopic methods for the structural analysis of these compounds.
Abstract: Chitin, the second most important natural polymer in the world, and its N-deacetylated derivative chitosan, have been identified as versatile biopolymers for a broad range of applications in medicine, agriculture and the food industry. Two of the main reasons for this are firstly the unique chemical, physicochemical and biological properties of chitin and chitosan, and secondly the unlimited supply of raw materials for their production. These polymers exhibit widely differing physicochemical properties depending on the chitin source and the conditions of chitosan production. The presence of reactive functional groups as well as the polysaccharide nature of these biopolymers enables them to undergo diverse chemical modifications. A complete chemical and physicochemical characterization of chitin, chitosan and their derivatives is not possible without using spectroscopic techniques. This review focuses on the application of spectroscopic methods for the structural analysis of these compounds.
848 citations
TL;DR: Findings from this review indicate that current aquaculture practices can lead to elevated levels of antibiotic residues, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, persistent organic pollutants, metals, parasites, and viruses in aquacultured finfish and shellfish.
696 citations