Extraction and characterization of mucilage in Opuntia spp.
TL;DR: The colour analysis showed a high L* value and the chromatic co-ordinates were in the yellow-greenish spectrum, and the use of isopropyl alcohol is recommended in ratio 1:3, since its commercial value is lower in comparison with ethanol.
About: This article is published in Journal of Arid Environments.The article was published on 2007-03-01. It has received 239 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Mucilage & Extraction (chemistry).
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TL;DR: Comparison of zeta potential measurements and transmission electron microscopy images of flocs formed by Opuntia spp.
Abstract: Historically, there is evidence to suggest that communities in the developing world have used plant-based materials as one strategy for purifying drinking water. In this study, the coagulant properties of Opuntia spp., a species of cactus, are quantitatively evaluated for the first time. Opuntia spp. was evaluated for turbidity removal from synthetic water samples, and steps were made toward elucidating the underlying coagulation mechanism. In model turbid water using kaolin clay particles at pH 10, Opuntia spp. reduced turbidity by 98% for a range of initial turbidities. This is similar to the observed coagulation activities previously described for Moringa oleifera, a widely studied natural coagulant. Although it has been reported that Moringa oleifera predominantly operates through charge neutralization, comparison of zeta potential measurements and transmission electron microscopy images of flocs formed by Opuntia spp. suggest that these natural coagulants operate through different mechanisms. It is suggested that Opuntia spp. operates predominantly through a bridging coagulation mechanism. Once optimized, application of these readily available plants as a part of point-of-use water treatment technology may offer a practical, inexpensive, and appropriate solution for producing potable water in some developing communities.
284 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a second-order polynomial model was developed using multiple linear regression analysis to determine the optimum processing conditions that give maximum extraction yield, viscosity, hue and emulsion stability, as well as, minimum protein content for the gum extracted from Lepidium perfoliatum seed.
209 citations
Cites background or result from "Extraction and characterization of ..."
...Koocheki et al. (2008) and Sepulveda et al. (2007) also reported that when the volume ratio of water to seeds was increased, a greater mucilage yield obtained from A. homolocarpum and Opuntia spp. seeds....
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...…Krueo Ma Noy pectin (Singthong, Ningsanond, Cui, & Goff, 2005), boat-fruited sterculia seeds polysaccharide (Wu et al., 2007), Opuntia spp. mucilage (Sepulveda et al., 2007), A. homolocarpum seed gum (Koocheki et al., 2008) and Yanang leaves gum extraction (Singthong, Ningsanond, & Cui, 2008)....
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...…et al., 2008), Flaxseed gum 7.9% (Cui et al., 1994), Malva nut gum 20% (Somboonpanyakul et al., 2006), Durio zibethinus seed gum 1.2% (Amin et al., 2007), Opuntia mucilage 19.4% (Sepulveda et al., 2007), Mesquite seed gum 24.9% (Estevez et al., 2004) and Fenugreek gum 22% (Brummer et al., 2003)....
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...This value was lower than those reported by Somboonpanyakul et al. (2006) for Malva nut gum (8.4%), Sepulveda et al. (2007) for Opuntia ficus indica (7.3%), Ibanez and Ferrero (2003) for P. flexuosa seed gum (10.4%), but similar to the protein contents reported by Estevez et al. (2004), Singthong…...
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a review of green and biobased coagulants for water and wastewater treatment operations, and the factors militating against the transition of the applications of these non-conventional coagULs from bench-scale to real-life applications were discussed.
Abstract: Metal and polymer based materials are the conventional coagulants used in water and wastewater treatment operations. Despite the wide applicability of these genera of coagulants, the challenges associated with the usage have engendered research efforts towards the development of green biobased coagulants, whose applications are capable of obviating the challenges synonymous with the usage of these conventional coagulants. Taking into cognizance the goals that informed the development of green technology, perspectives on the promising non-conventional coagulants that are green and biobased are presented in this treatise. The perspectives on these green biobased coagulants were anchored on the background information of the material, the economic importance, mode of application of the extract as coagulant, underlying coagulating mechanism and the shortcomings of the usage in water and wastewater treatment operations. On the basis of the information provided by different researchers, on the appraisals of these green biobased coagulants for water and wastewater treatment operations, the factors militating against the transition of the applications of these non-conventional coagulants from bench-scale to real life applications were discussed.
179 citations
TL;DR: Crude polysaccharide extraction from the Iranian Abelmoschus esculentus was performed using water decoction using Response surface methodology and the experimental yield was 16.895±0.29%, which is well in close agreement with the value predicted by the model 16.916%.
125 citations
TL;DR: It can be considered that mucilage films without modification of pH and without the addition of calcium have the best water vapor barrier properties and tensile strength.
Abstract: Mucilage of Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI) was extracted and characterized by its composition and molecular weight distribution. Mucilage film-forming dispersions were prepared under different pHs (3, 4, 5.6, 7, and 8) and calcium concentration (0% and 30% of CaCl(2), with respect to mucilage's weight), and their particle size determined. Mucilage films with and without calcium (MFCa and MF, respectively) were prepared. The effect of calcium and pH on mucilage films was evaluated determining thickness, color, water vapor permeability (WVP), tensile strength (TS), and percentage of elongation (%E). The average molecular weight of the different fractions of mucilage was: 3.4 x 10(6) (0.73%), 1 x 10(5) (1.46%), 1.1 x 10(3) (45.79%), and 2.4 x 10(2) Da (52.03%). Aqueous mucilage dispersions with no calcium presented particles with an average size d(0.5) of 15.4 microm, greater than the dispersions with calcium, 13.2 microm. MFCa films showed more thickness (0.13 mm) than the MF films (0.10 mm). The addition of calcium increased the WVP of the films from 109.94 to 130.45 gmm/m(2)dkPa. Calcium and pH affected the mechanical properties of the films; the largest TS was observed on MF films, whereas the highest %E was observed on MFCa films. The highest differences among MF and MFCa films were observed at pHs 5.6 and 7 for TS and at pHs 4 and 8 for %E. No effect of pH and calcium was observed on luminosity and hue angle. Chroma values were higher for MF when compared with MFCa, and increased as pH of the films increased. Practical Application: In this study mucilage from nopal was extracted and characterized by its ability to form edible films under different pHs, and with or without the addition of calcium. Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage had the ability to form edible films. In general, it can be considered that mucilage films without modification of pH and without the addition of calcium have the best water vapor barrier properties and tensile strength. Mucilage from nopal could represent a good option for the development of edible films in countries where nopal is highly produced at low cost, constituting a processing alternative for nopal.
112 citations
References
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TL;DR: The analysis of color is frequently an important consideration when determining the efficacy of a variety of postharvest treatments, and many researchers continue to analyze this characteristic inappropriately.
Abstract: The analysis of color is frequently an important consideration when determining the efficacy of a variety of postharvest treatments. Consumers can easily be influenced by preconceived ideas of how a particular fruit or vegetable should appear, and marketers often attempt to improve upon what nature has painted. In spite of the significance of color in our work, however, many researchers continue to analyze this characteristic inappropriately. The confusion that results is unnecessary; easily computed and readily understood measures are available to clarify color descriptions for researchers and marketers alike. Specifically, many scientists in the field of market quality, who are using instruments such as the Hunter colorimeter (Hunter Assoc., Reston, Va.) and various Minolta chroma meters (Minolta, Ramsey, N.J.), analyze and publish a set of Cartesian coordinates generated directly by the instrument. These coordinates pinpoint the measured color in a three-dimensional color space. However, without further manipulation, this information does not provide an indication of hue and chroma–aspects of color that are intuitively understood by those in the marketing chain from producer to consumer. These aspects of color are addressed directly in the color chart-based Munsell notation that specifies the elements of perceived color as value (lightness, from black to white on a scale of 0 to 10), chroma (degree of departure from gray toward pure chromatic color), and hue (red, orange, yellow, green, etc.). In contrast, the instrumentally obtained coordinates, CIE 1931 (Y, x, y) or CIE 1976 (L*, a*, b*), provide information on lightness directly but require some computation to yield explicit measures of chroma and hue (Hunter and Harold, 1987). CIE refers to the Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (International Commission on Illumination). In the CIE 1976 (L*, a*, b*) color space, abbreviated CIELAB, the lightness coefficient, L*, ranges from black = 0 to white
2,410 citations
"Extraction and characterization of ..." refers methods in this paper
...The chroma (C*) and the value (H*) were calculated according to McGuire (1992). Yield: It was determined on fresh and dried weight and expressed as mucilage percentage (%)....
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...The chroma (C*) and the value (H*) were calculated according to McGuire (1992)....
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the rheological properties of aqueous solutions of the mucilage isolated from Opuntia ficus indica and found that the viscosity was dependent on ionic strength, as in the case of polyelectrolytes.
325 citations
"Extraction and characterization of ..." refers background in this paper
...Mucilages are complex polymeric substances of carbohydrate nature, with a highly branched structure (McGarvie and Parolis, 1981; Medina-Torres et al., 2000, 2003; Goycoolea and Cárdenas, 2004; Matsuhiro et al., 2006), which contains varying proportions of L-arabinose, Dgalactose, L-rhamnose and…...
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Book•
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: This book presents a meta-anatomy of the Cacti of Mesoamerican Domestication and Diffusion, and some of the mechanisms behind its domestication and distribution, which are described in more detail in the preface.
Abstract: List of Contributors Preface 1. Evolution and Systematics Robert S. Wallace and Arthur C. Gibson 2. Shoot Anatomy and Morphology Teresa Terrazas Salgado and James D. Mauseth 3. Root Structure and Function Joseph G. Dubrovsky and Gretchen B. North 4. Environmental Biology Park S. Nobel and Edward G. Bobich 5. Reproductive Biology Eulogio Pimienta-Barrios and Rafael F. del Castillo 6. Population and Community Ecology Alfonso Valiente Banuet and Hector Godinez-Alvarez 7. Consumption of Platyopuntias by Wild Vertebrates Eric Mellink and Monica E. Riojas-Lopez 8. Biodiversity and Conservation Thomas H. Boyle and Edward F. Anderson 9. Mesoamerican Domestication and Diffusion Alejandro Casas and Giuseppe Barbera 10.Cactus Pear Fruit Production Paolo Inglese, Filadelfio Basile, and Mario Schirra 11. Fruits of Vine and Columnar Cacti Avinoam Nerd, Noemi Tel-Zur, and Yosef Mizrahi 12. Forage, Fodder, and Animal Nutrition Ali Nefzaoui and Hichem Ben Salem 13. Nopalitos, Mucilage, Fiber, and Cochineal Carmen Saenz-Hernandez, Joel Corrales-Garcia, and Gildardo Aquino-Perez 14. Insect Pests and Diseases Helmuth G. Zimmermann and Giovanni Granata 15. Cactus Breeding and Biotechnology Brad Chapman, Candelario Mondragon Jacobo, Ronald A. Bunch, and Andrew H. Paterson Index
219 citations
TL;DR: It was observed that the tensile modulus decreases as the moisture content increases and the mechanical properties of these natural spines were investigated by tensile tests at various conditioning relative humidities.
147 citations
"Extraction and characterization of ..." refers background in this paper
...Malainnine et al. (2003) in O. f. indica cladodes from Morocco, reported an ash content of 19.6%....
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