Extraction of bamboo fibers and their use as reinforcement in polymeric composites
TL;DR: In this paper, a combination of chemical and mechanical methods was used for the extraction of bamboo fibers and the fiber population from both the techniques were characterized, and the fibers obtained from CMT and RMT were used to make unidirectional composites of polyester.
Abstract: Few investigations have been carried out with bamboo fibers despite its high strength, biodegradability, and low cost. The overall objective of this work was to investigate fiber extraction from bamboo and the use of these bamboo fibers as reinforcement in polymeric composites. A combination of chemical and mechanical methods was used for the extraction of bamboo fibers. Conventional methods of compression molding technique (CMT) and roller mill technique (RMT) were explored for the mechanical separation. Fiber population from both the techniques were characterized. Mechanical properties of the fibers also were evaluated. Bamboo fibers obtained from CMT and RMT were used to make unidirectional composites of polyester. High values of tensile strength were observed in all the composites. The predominant mode of failure for the composite was shown to be the cracking of the fiber–matrix interface. Quantitative results from this study will be useful for further and more accurate design of bamboo reinforced composite materials. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 76: 83–92, 2000
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TL;DR: A review of the most recent developments of bamboo fiber based reinforced composites and the summary of main results presented in literature, focusing on the processing methodology and ultimate properties of bamboo fibres with polymeric matrices and applications in well designed economical products is given in this paper.
578 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the cross-sectional shape, the density and tensile properties of these fibers, along with established fibers like sisal, banana, coconut and palm, are determined experimentally under similar conditions and compared.
520 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors have reviewed the different sources of natural fibers, their properties, modification of natural fiber, the effect of treatments on natural fibers and their effective use as reinforcement for polymer composite materials.
Abstract: The increase in awareness of the damage caused by synthetic materials on the environment has led to the development of eco-friendly materials. The researchers have shown a lot of interest in developing such materials which can replace the synthetic materials. As a result, there is an increase in demand for commercial use of the natural fiber-based composites in recent years for various industrial sectors. Natural fibers are sustainable materials which are easily available in nature and have advantages like low-cost, lightweight, renewability, biodegradability and high specific properties. The sustainability of the natural fiber-based composite materials has led to upsurge its applications in various manufacturing sectors. In this paper, we have reviewed the different sources of natural fibers, their properties, modification of natural fibers, the effect of treatments on natural fibers, etc. We also summarize the major applications of natural fibers and their effective use as reinforcement for polymer composite materials.
441 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive overview on the properties of electrospun nanofibers and their application as reinforcements in composites is provided, including high aspect ratio and molecular orientation, large specific surface area, small pore size, and excellent mechanical performance.
406 citations
TL;DR: An overview of the main results presented in literature on this topic, focusing the attention on the fibres properties in terms of physical and chemical structure, thermal and mechanical properties are also presented.
Abstract: Natural fibre-based composites have been intensely studied in the last years due to their specific properties and their clearly positive environmental impact. Other advantages of using vegetable fibres are related to their economical production and processing, their safe handling and working conditions. Therefore, lignocellulosic natural fibres constitute an interesting alternative to traditional synthetic fibres in composite materials. This work is intended to present an overview of the main results presented in literature on this topic, focusing the attention on the fibres properties in terms of physical and chemical structure, thermal and mechanical properties. Some aspects related to the production of vegetable fibres for composites are also presented.
341 citations
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01 Jun 1962
TL;DR: Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis (SME) as mentioned in this paper is a well-known text for analytical chemistry that has been extensively updated over the last few decades, reaching 2,700 pages in the current edition.
Abstract: THE rapid growth of analytical chemistry in modern times necessitates that any textbook which hopes effectively to cover the fields of both pure and applied analysis shall assume almost encyclopædic proportions. The considerable increase in the size of this fifth edition of Scott's well-known manual is at least outward evidence that it has attempted to deal adequately with these recent advances, a conclusion which is amply confirmed by a study of the contents. The two volumes of the present edition now cover some 2,700 pages—an increase of nearly 1,000 pages over the fourth edition.Standard Methods of Chemical AnalysisA Manual of Analytical Methods and General Reference for the Analytical Chemist and for the Advanced Student. By Dr. Wilfred W. Scott. Fifth edition, edited by Prof. N. Howell Furman in collaboration with Eminent Specialists. Vol. 1: The Elements. Pp. xxxi + 1234 + 97. Vol. 2: Special Subjects. Pp. xxi + 1301–2618 + 97. (London: The Technical Press, Ltd., 1939.) 2 vols. 77s. 6d. net.
1,158 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate that Bamboo's diameter, thickness and internodal length have a macroscopically graded structure while the fiber distribution exhibits a microscopically-grained architecture.
Abstract: Among plants, bamboo has an unique structure which resembles that of a unidirectional, fiber-reinforced composite with many nodes along its length. Furthermore, bamboo's growth rate is very fast, producing an adult tree in only one year. This paper demonstrates that bamboo has a functionally graded and hierarchical structure. Bamboo's diameter, thickness and internodal length have a macroscopically graded structure while the fiber distribution exhibits a microscopically graded architecture, which lead to smart properties of bamboo. The reinforcing fibers are oriented along the bamboo's culm (trunk), whereas in the nodes the fibers become entangled in a complicated manner to produce nodes with isotropic properties that provide additional reinforcement for the culm.
400 citations
TL;DR: The tensile, flexural and impact strengths of BFRP composites have been evaluated in this article, showing that they possess a close linear elastic behaviour and are suitable for structural applications.
Abstract: The tensile, flexural and impact strengths of bamboo and bamboo fibre-reinforced plastic (BFRP) composite have been evaluated. The high strengths of bamboo, in the fibre direction, have been explained by its anatomical properties and ultra structure. Bamboo fibres and bamboo orthogonal strip mats (bamboo mat) have been used to reinforce epoxy resin. BFRP composites with unidirectional, bidirectional and multidirectional strengths have been made. In bamboo mat composites, the fibre volume fraction,Vf, achieved was as high as 65%. The tensile, flexural and impact strengths of bamboo along the fibres are 200.5 MN m−2, 230.09 MN m−2 and 63.54 kJ m−2, respectively, whereas those of bamboo fibre composites and bamboo mat composites are 175.27 M N m−2, 151.83 MN m−2 and 45.6 kJ m−2, and 110.5 MN m−2, 93.6 M N m−2 and 34.03 kJ m−2, respectively. These composites possess a close to linear elastic behaviour. Scanning electron microscopy studies of the fractured BFRP composite specimens reveal a perfect bonding between bamboo fibres and the epoxy. Furthermore, high strength, low density, low production cost and ease of manufacturing make BFRP composite a commercially viable material for structural applications.
332 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the tensile properties of polystyrene reinforced with short sisal fiber and benzoylated sisal fibers were studied by using IR spectroscopy, and the properties were found to be almost independent of fiber length although the ultimate tensile strength shows marginal improvement at 10 mm fiber length.
Abstract: The tensile properties of polystyrene reinforced with short sisal fiber and benzoylated sisal fiber were studied. The influence of fiber length, fiber content, fiber orientation, and ben-zoylation of the fiber on the tensile properties of the composite were evaluated. The ben-zoylation of the fiber improves the adhesion of the fiber to the polystyrene matrix. the benzoylated fiber was analyzed by IR spectroscopy. Experimental results indicate a better compatibility between benzoylated fiber and polystyrene. the benzoylation of the sisal fiber was found to enhance the tensile properties of the resulting composite. The tensile properties of unidirectionally aligned composites show a gradual increase with fiber content and a leveling off beyond 20% fiber loading. The properties were found to be almost independent of fiber length although the ultimate tensile strength shows marginal improvement at 10 mm fiber length. The thermal properties of the composites were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry. Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the fiber surface, fiber pullout, and fiber–matrix interface. Theoretical models have been used to fit the experimental mechanical data. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
319 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the tensile strength and Young's modulus, work of fracture determined by Charpy impact and inter-laminar shear strength have been measured as a function of fiber volume fraction.
Abstract: Raw jute fibre has been incorporated in a polyester resin matrix to form uniaxially reinforced composites containing up to 60 vol% fibre. The tensile strength and Young's modulus, work of fracture determined by Charpy impact and inter-laminar shear strength have been measured as a function of fibre volume fraction. These properties all follow a Rule of Mixtures relationship with the volume fraction of jute. Derived fibre strength and Young's modulus were calculated as 442 MN m−2 and 55.5 GN m−2 respectively. Polyester resin forms an intimate bond with jute fibres up to a volume fraction of 0.6, above which the quantity of resin is insufficient to wet fibres completely. At this volume fraction the Young's modulus of the composite is approximately 35 GN m−2, the tensile strength is 250 MN m−2, the work of fracture is 22 kJ m−2 and the inter-laminar shear strength is 24 MN m−2. The properties of jute and glass fibres are compared, and on a weight and cost basis jute fibres are seen in many respects to be superior to glass fibres as a composite reinforcement.
265 citations