Extreme rain events analysis using X-band weather radar
15 Oct 2015-pp 157-160
TL;DR: The X-band radar installed in Turin was used to analyze extreme events as mentioned in this paper, where 3 years of radar maps have been analyzed in comparison with about 30 years of measurements made by rain gauges located in the same area.
Abstract: The X-band radar installed in Turin was used to analyze extreme events. About 3 years of radar maps have been analyzed in comparisons with about 30 years of measurements made by rain gauges located in the same area. The entire monitored area was divided into 4 subareas considering the complex orography near Turin, namely the flatlands, mountains, hills and urban areas. For each subarea, the Generalized Extreme Values (GEV) distributions are estimated considering rain gauges data and X-band radar maps. Radar maps are properly processed to be comparable with rain gauges measurements considering reference areas of different size centered over each available gauge. It is shown that a limited temporal availability of X-band radar maps can be sufficient to obtain a good GEV distribution estimation, and that X-band weather radars are a good instrument to analyze extreme rain events where a dense rain gauge network is not available.
Citations
More filters
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the preliminary analysis of how a 77 GHz mini radar can be used as a short range microwave rain gauge, and the technical specifications were determined in order to meet the functional requirements.
Abstract: The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) defines the frequency band of 77 GHz (W-band) as the one dedicated to automatic cruise control long-range radars. A car can be thought as a moving integrated weather sensor since it can provide meteorological information exploiting the sensors installed on board. This work presents the preliminary analysis of how a 77 GHz mini radar can be used as a short range microwave rain gauge. After the discussion of the Mie scattering formulation applied to a microwave rain gauge working in the W-band, the proposal of a new Z-R equation to be used for correct rain estimation is given. Atmospheric attenuation and absorption are estimated taking into account the ITU-T recommendations. Functional requirements in adapting automatic cruise control long-range radar to a microwave rain gauge are analyzed. The technical specifications are determined in order to meet the functional requirements.
6 citations
Cites background from "Extreme rain events analysis using ..."
...It is capable of detecting rapid and extremely localized intense phenomena with very good accuracy [8] and it is particularly suited to be employed in complex orography environment and for local analysis of extreme events [9]....
[...]
19 Oct 2016
TL;DR: In this article, a feasibility analysis of a set of disposable sensors is presented, which are planned to be dropped by a plane or a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) in the atmosphere and are designed to dynamically behave as very light particles similar to raindrops in their fluctuations and falling through the atmosphere.
Abstract: Detailed studies and researches about clouds and precipitations characterization are considered to play a key role in weather and strong events prediction. Most monitoring instruments perform indirect monitoring operation, sensing the parameters from a remote position and not being directly inside the phenomenon. A feasibility analysis of a set of disposable sensors is presented. The very light sensors are planned to be dropped by a plane or a UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) in the atmosphere and are designed to dynamically behave as very light particles similar to raindrops in their fluctuations and falling through the atmosphere. In order to realize sensing probes with a similar fluid-dynamic behavior of drops, the weight, the size and the surface properties of the probes should be carefully designed. An estimated size of the order of many centimeters and a total weight of less than 15 g is needed. Consequently particular attention has to be paid in designing electronic boards and in the choice of integrated measurement sensors as well as the transmitter. Minimum power consumption should be also guaranteed, in order to assure the proper working during the fluctuating and falling time. Sensors installed on the sensing probe will measure different atmospheric parameters (e.g. humidity, temperature, pressure, acceleration) with a sampling interval of the order of some milliseconds. All data are then sent to a receiver located on the ground and can then be stored and post processed for further analysis.
4 citations
Cites methods from "Extreme rain events analysis using ..."
...Different X-band mini weather radar installations were made and a local analysis of extreme events was conducted with good results by processing data acquired by the radar installed on the roof of Politecnico di Torino from the beginning of its operational working [5]....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, a single polarization, non-Doppler and non-coherent, simple and low cost X-band radar allowed monitoring three very intense rainfall events near Turin during July 2014.
Abstract: Real time rainfall events monitoring is very important for a large number of reasons: Civil Protection, hydrogeological risk management, hydroelectric power purposes, road and traffic regulation, and tourism. Efficient monitoring operations need continuous, high-resolution and large-coverage data. To monitor and observe extreme rainfall events, often much localized over small basins of interest, and that could frequently causing flash floods, an unrealistic extremely dense rain gauge network should be needed. On the other hand, common large C-band or S-band long range radars do not provide the necessary spatial and temporal resolution. Simple short-range X-band mini weather radar can be a valid compromise solution. The present work shows how a single polarization, non-Doppler and non-coherent, simple and low cost X-band radar allowed monitoring three very intense rainfall events occurred near Turin during July 2014. The events, which caused damages and floods, are detected and monitored in real time with a sample rate of 1 minute and a radial spatial resolution of 60 m, thus allowing to describe the intensity of the precipitation on each small portion of territory. This information could be very useful if used by authorities in charge of Civil Protection in order to avoid inconvenience to people and to monitor dangerous situations.
4 citations
01 Sep 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the Mie scattering formulation applied to a weather radar working in the W-band is used for correct rain estimation, and the functional requirements to adapt an automatic cruise control long-range radar to a mini-weather radar are analyzed and the technical specifications are evaluated.
Abstract: An always-growing number of cars are equipped with radars, mainly used for drivers and passengers' safety. In particular, according to European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) one specific frequency band is dedicated to automatic cruise control long-range radar operating around 77 GHz (W-band). After the discussion of the Mie scattering formulation applied to a weather radar working in the W-band, the proposal of a new Z-R equation to be used for correct rain estimation is given. Functional requirements to adapt an automatic cruise control long-range radar to a mini-weather radar are analyzed and the technical specifications are evaluated. Results provide the basis for the use of a 77 GHz automotive anti-collision radar for meteorological purposes.
4 citations
01 Sep 2017
TL;DR: The paper presents a general preliminary overview of a system connected to a communication infrastructure in order to improve the agriculture by means of microwave based heating solution, supported by a vision system, and a GPS based localization system.
Abstract: The paper presents a general preliminary overview of a system connected to a communication infrastructure in order to improve the agriculture. The core of the system is the weed seed bank depletion by means of microwave based heating solution. The microwave technique is supported by a vision system, which can be used both in visible and infrared band according to different crops in order to maximize its efficiency, and a GPS based localization system. All the parameters to program and control the proper working of the systems, as well as measured data, are available with a specific application, making the whole system perfectly integrated in the world of Internet of Thing (IoT). Some technology solutions are addressed and some possible choices to realize each section are reported. The description of the whole system is reported as well.
3 citations
References
More filters
TL;DR: This article showed that the frequency of such events is relatively more dependent on any changes in the variability (more generally, the scale parameter) than in the mean of climate, and that this sensitivity is relatively greater the more extreme the event.
Abstract: Extreme events act as a catalyst for concern about whether the climate is changing. Statistical theory for extremes is used to demonstrate that the frequency of such events is relatively more dependent on any changes in the variability (more generally, the scale parameter) than in the mean (more generally, the location parameter) of climate. Moreover, this sensitivity is relatively greater the more extreme the event. These results provide additional support for the conclusions that experiments using climate models need to be designed to detect changes in climate variability, and that policy analysis should not rely on scenarios of future climate involving only changes in means.
1,272 citations
"Extreme rain events analysis using ..." refers background in this paper
...A large number of models and analysis have been performed suggesting that changes in frequency and intensity of extreme events may occur even in relations to small climate changes [3] [4] making the extreme rainfall events analysis always more important, especially nowadays when a particular attention is paid to climatological changes....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used rainfall data from stations in South Africa that have not involved site relocations, but which have not been tested for inhomogeneities resulting from changes in instrumentation, a method of testing for changes in the intensity of extreme events is adopted.
Abstract: Extreme rainfall events can have severe impacts on society, so possible long-term changes in the intensity of extreme events are of concern. Testing for long-term changes in the intensity of extreme events is complicated by data inhomogeneities resulting from site and instrumentation changes. Using rainfall data from stations in South Africa that have not involved site relocations, but which have not been tested for inhomogeneities resulting from changes in instrumentation, a method of testing for changes in the intensity of extreme events is adopted. Significant increases in the intensity of extreme rainfall events between 1931-1960 and 1961-1990 are identified over about 70% of the country. The intensity of the 10-year high rainfall events has increased by over 10% over large areas of the country, except in parts of the north-east, north-west and in the winter rainfall region of the south-west. Percentage increases in the intensity of high rainfall events are largest for the most extreme events. While some inhomogeneities remain in the data used, the observed changes in the intensity of extreme rainfall events over South Africa are thought to be at least partly real.
237 citations
"Extreme rain events analysis using ..." refers background in this paper
...Extreme rainfall events are very important because they are related to climate change and may have big impacts on the society [1] [2]....
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, the change in variability of temperature and precipitation in a transient climate simulation, where trace gases are allowed to increase gradually, and in the doubled CO2 climate is investigated using the GISS general circulation model.
Abstract: As climate changes due to the increase of greenhouse gases, there is the potential for climate variability to change as well. The change in variability of temperature and precipitation in a transient climate simulation, where trace gases are allowed to increase gradually, and in the doubled CO2 climate is investigated using the GISS general circulation model. The current climate control run is compared with observations and with the climate change simulations for variability on three time-scales: interannual variability, daily variability, and the amplitude of the diurnal cycle. The results show that the modeled variability is often larger than observed, especially in late summer, possibly due to the crude ground hydrology. In the warmer climates, temperature variability and the diurnal cycle amplitude usually decrease, in conjunction with a decrease in the latitudinal temperature gradient and the increased greenhouse inhibition of radiative cooling. Precipitation variability generally changes with the same sign as the mean precipitation itself, usually increasing in the warmer climate. Changes at a particular grid box are often not significant, with the prevailing tendency determined from a broader sampling. Little change is seen in daily persistence. The results are relevant to the continuing assessments of climate change impacts on society, though their use should be tempered by appreciation of the model deficiencies for the current climate.
233 citations
"Extreme rain events analysis using ..." refers background in this paper
...A large number of models and analysis have been performed suggesting that changes in frequency and intensity of extreme events may occur even in relations to small climate changes [3] [4] making the extreme rainfall events analysis always more important, especially nowadays when a particular attention is paid to climatological changes....
[...]
TL;DR: In this paper, a radar reflectivity data were obtained from two C-band Doppler weather radars covering the land surface of the Netherlands (≈3.55 × 104 km2), from these reflectivities, 10 yr of radar rainfall depths were constructed for durations D of 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h with a spatial resolution of 2.4 km and data availability of approximately 80%.
Abstract: Weather radars give quantitative precipitation estimates over large areas with high spatial and temporal resolutions not achieved by conventional rain gauge networks. Therefore, the derivation and analysis of a radar-based precipitation “climatology” are highly relevant. For that purpose, radar reflectivity data were obtained from two C-band Doppler weather radars covering the land surface of the Netherlands (≈3.55 × 104 km2). From these reflectivities, 10 yr of radar rainfall depths were constructed for durations D of 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h with a spatial resolution of 2.4 km and a data availability of approximately 80%. Different methods are compared for adjusting the bias in the radar precipitation depths. Using a dense manual gauge network, a vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) and a spatial adjustment are applied separately to 24-h (0800–0800 UTC) unadjusted radar-based precipitation depths. Further, an automatic rain gauge network is employed to perform a mean-field bias adjustment to ...
131 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extend the concept of the regional envelope curve (REC) of flood flows to extreme rainstorm events by introducing the Depth-Duration Envelope Curves (DDEC).
38 citations