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Journal ArticleDOI

Eye Fixations and Cognitive Processes.

01 Oct 1976-Cognitive Psychology (Academic Press)-Vol. 8, Iss: 4, pp 441-480
TL;DR: This paper presented a theoretical account of the sequence and duration of eye fixation during simple cognitive tasks, such as mental rotation, sentence verification, and quantitative comparison, and linked the eye fixation behavior to a processing model for the task by assuming that the eye fixates the referent of the symbol being operated on.
About: This article is published in Cognitive Psychology.The article was published on 1976-10-01. It has received 1499 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Eye tracking & Eye movement.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model of reading comprehension that accounts for the allocation of eye fixations of college students reading scientific passages is presented, embedded in a theoretical framework capable of accommodating the flexibility of reading.
Abstract: This article presents a model of reading comprehension that accounts for the allocation of eye fixations of college students reading scientific passages. The model deals with processing at the level of words, clauses, and text units. Readers make longer pauses at points where processing loads are greater. Greater loads occur while readers are accessing infrequent words, integrating information from important clauses, and making inferences at the ends of sentences. The model accounts forthe gaze duration on each word of text as a function of the involvement of the various levels of processing. The model is embedded in a theoretical framework capable of accommodating the flexibility of reading.

3,444 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Meta-analysis is used, a method for synthesizing empirical studies, to investigate sex differences in spatial ability and suggests that sex differences arise on some types of spatial ability but not others, and that, when sex differences are found, they can be detected across the life span.
Abstract: Sex differences in spatial ability are widely acknowledged, yet considerable dispute surrounds the magnitude, nature, and age of first occurrence of these differences. This article focuses on 3 questions about sex differences in spatial ability: What is the magnitude of sex differences in spatial ability? On which aspects of spatial ability are sex differences found? and When, in the life span, are sex differences in spatial ability first detected? Implications for clarifying the linkage between sex differences in spatial ability and other differences between males and females are discussed. We use meta-analysis, a method for synthesizing empirical studies, to investigate these questions. Results of the meta-analysis suggest that sex differences arise on some types of spatial ability but not others, that large sex differences are found only on measures of mental rotation, that smaller sex differences are found on measures of spatial perception, and that, when sex differences are found, they can be detected across the life span.

2,782 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The present paper analyzes the self-generated explanations (from talk-aloud protocols) that “Good” and “Poor” students produce while studying worked-out examples of mechanics problems, and their subsequent reliance on examples during problem solving.

2,334 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The cognitive processes in a widely used, nonverbal test of analytic intelligence, the Raven Progressive Matrices Test (Raven, 1962), are analyzed in terms of which processes distinguish between higher scoring and lower scoring subjects and which processes are common to all subjects and all items on the test.
Abstract: The cognitive processes in a widely used, nonverbal test of analytic intelligence, the Raven Progressive Matrices Test (Raven, 1962), are analyzed in terms of which processes distinguish between higher scoring and lower scoring subjects and which processes are common to all subjects and all items on the test. The analysis is based on detailed performance characteristics, such as verbal protocols, eye-fixation patterns, and errors. The theory is expressed as a pair of computer simulation models that perform like the median or best college students in the sample. The processing characteristic common to all subjects is an incremental, reiterative strategy for encoding and inducing the regularities in each problem. The processes that distinguish among individuals are primarily the ability to induce abstract relations and the ability to dynamically manage a large set of problem-solving goals in working memory.

1,422 citations

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the application of eye movements to user interfaces, both for analyzing interfaces (measuring usability) and as an actual control medium within a human–computer dialogue.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the application of eye movements to user interfaces, both for analyzing interfaces (measuring usability) and as an actual control medium within a human–computer dialogue. For usability analysis, the user's eye movements are recorded during system use and later analyzed retrospectively; however, the eye movements do not affect the interface in real time. As a direct control medium, the eye movements are obtained and used in real time as an input to the user–computer dialogue. The eye movements might be the sole input, typically for disabled users or hands-busy applications, or might be used as one of several inputs, combining with mouse, keyboard, sensors, or other devices. From the perspective of mainstream eye-movement research, human–computer interaction, together with related work in the broader field of communications and media research, appears as a new and very promising area of applied work. Both basic and applied work can profit from integration within a unified field of eye­-movement research. Application of eye tracking in human–computer interaction remains a very promising approach; its technological and market barriers are finally being reduced.

1,421 citations


Cites background from "Eye Fixations and Cognitive Process..."

  • ...This work resulted in some rudimentary, theoretical models for relating fixations to specific cognitive processes (see for example work by Just & Carpenter, 1976a, 1976b )....

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References
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Book
01 Jun 1972
TL;DR: The aim of the book is to advance the understanding of how humans think by putting forth a theory of human problem solving, along with a body of empirical evidence that permits assessment of the theory.
Abstract: : The aim of the book is to advance the understanding of how humans think. It seeks to do so by putting forth a theory of human problem solving, along with a body of empirical evidence that permits assessment of the theory. (Author)

10,770 citations


"Eye Fixations and Cognitive Process..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...For example, Winikoff (1967, see also Newell & Simon, 1972) found a high correlation in cryptarithmetic tasks, where numbers are substituted for letters to solve a problem like DONALD + GERALD = ROBERT....

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  • ...For example, such large aggregation units in problemsolving research (cf. Winikoff, 1967; Newell & Simon, 1972) are compatible with models that describe mental operations that take on the order of a few seconds each....

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Book
01 Jan 1973

9,000 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
19 Feb 1971-Science
TL;DR: The time required to recognize that two perspective drawings portray objects of the same three-dimensional shape is found to be a linearly increasing function of the angular difference in the portrayed orientations of the two objects.
Abstract: The time required to recognize that two perspective drawings portray objects of the same three-dimensional shape is found to be (i) a linearly increasing function of the angular difference in the portrayed orientations of the two objects and (ii) no shorter for differences corresponding simply to a rigid rotation of one of the two-dimensional drawings in its own picture plane than for differences corresponding to a rotation of the three-dimensional object in depth.

5,331 citations


"Eye Fixations and Cognitive Process..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...…examine the basic operators, parameters, and control structure of the central processor as it performs such tasks as the comparison of rotated figures (Shepard & Metzler, 1971), mental arithmetic (Parkman, 1971), sentence verification (Carpenter & Just, 1975), and memory scanning (Stemberg, 1969)....

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  • ...This question can be explored in the task domain of “mental rotation,” in which people compare two figures in order to determine whether or not they depict the same three-dimensional object (Shepard & Metzler, 1971)....

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Book
01 Sep 1967

3,474 citations