Fabry–Pérot Resonator Antenna With High Aperture Efficiency Using a Double-Layer Nonuniform Superstrate
TL;DR: In this article, a double-layer non-uniform superstrate (DNS) was proposed to improve the aperture efficiency of the Fabry-Perot resonator antenna.
Abstract: Due to the nonuniform electromagnetic (EM) field amplitude distribution over its aperture, the Fabry–Perot resonator antenna (FPRA) suffers from relatively low aperture efficiency. In this communication, an FPRA with high aperture efficiency is proposed based on a double-layer nonuniform superstrate (DNS). The DNS is designed to have a constant reflection phase but a varying reflection magnitude, thereby obtaining a uniform EM field amplitude distribution over the FPRA’s aperture and, hence improving the directivity and the corresponding aperture efficiency. As an example, a cylindrical FPRA with an aperture diameter of $3.5~\lambda $ (where $\lambda $ is the wavelength in free space) is presented. In comparison with a uniform superstrate, the proposed DNS enhances the FPRA’s directivity from 19.6 to 20.4 dBi and correspondingly improves the aperture efficiency from 76.3% to 91.7%.
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TL;DR: The main focus of this paper is to discuss primarily the antenna gain and bandwidth of wideband high-gain antennas with different functionalities required for the next generation of wireless communication.
Abstract: Resonant cavity antennas (RCAs) are suitable candidates to achieve high-directivity with a low-cost and easy fabrication process. The stable functionality of the RCAs over different frequency bands, as well as, their pattern reconfigurability make them an attractive antenna structure for the next generation wireless communication systems, i.e., fifth generation (5G). The variety of designs and analytical techniques regarding the main radiator and partially reflective surface (PRS) configurations allow dramatic progress and advances in the area of RCAs. Adding different functionalities in a single structure by using additional layers is another appealing feature of the RCA structures, which has opened the various fields of studies toward 5G applications. This paper reviews the recent advances on the RCAs along with the analytical methods, and various capabilities that make them suitable to be used in 5G communication systems. To discuss different capabilities of RCA structures, some applicable fields of studies are followed in different sections of this paper. To indicate different techniques in achieving various capabilities, some recent state-of-the-art designs are demonstrated and investigated. Since wideband high-gain antennas with different functionalities are highly required for the next generation of wireless communication, the main focus of this paper is to discuss primarily the antenna gain and bandwidth. Finally, a brief conclusion is drawn to have a quick overview of the content of this paper.
37 citations
Cites background from "Fabry–Pérot Resonator Antenna With ..."
...Some of the studies have focused on the phase compensation [66,81–85], whereas the others have investigated the aperture magnitude compensation [86,87] for enhancing the antenna performance....
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TL;DR: Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the designed Fabry-Perot cavity antenna achieves 3-dB gain bandwidths of 20.7% and 10.1% with peak gains of 12.07dBi and 13.5dBi over two wide bands of 5.7–6.9GHz and 11.8–12.95GHz, respectively.
Abstract: In this paper, we proposed a novel Fabry-Perot cavity antenna with high-gain radiation over two wide bands based on a partially reflective metasurface. To satisfy the resonance condition of the dual-wideband Fabry-Perot cavity, we constructed the unit cell of the partial reflection metasurface by loading magnetic coupling enhancement layers and etching the bottom patches. The partial reflection metasurface composed of the above unit cells can generate reflection phases of positive gradient with almost the same slope over two wide bands, where the partial reflection amplitude is close to 1. Subsequently, a normal dual-band microstrip antenna has also been designed for excitation. Finally, the Fabry-Perot cavity antenna consists of the proposed partial reflection metasurface and the dual-band antenna has been simulated, fabricated, and measured in a microwave anechoic chamber. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the designed Fabry-Perot cavity antenna achieves 3-dB gain bandwidths of 20.7% and 10.1% with peak gains of 12.07dBi and 13.5dBi over two wide bands of 5.7-6.9GHz and 11.7-12.95GHz, respectively.
21 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a superstrate for the high radiation performance of a Fabry-Perot antenna (FPA) is proposed that consists of a nonuniform partially reflective surface (NPRS) and a phase correcting structure (PCS).
Abstract: In this communication, a superstrate for the high radiation performance of a Fabry–Perot antenna (FPA) is proposed that consists of a nonuniform partially reflective surface (NPRS) and a phase correcting structure (PCS). The NPRS and the PCS function to uniformize the amplitude and phase distributions, successively, of the FPA’s aperture field, thereby achieving a high directivity and a high aperture efficiency. Due to the independent amplitude and phase manipulations, the antenna design procedure is relatively rapid and effective. As a proof of concept, an FPA sample at an operating frequency of 5.8 GHz with a diameter of 200 mm is designed. The NPRS, comprising metallic square rings with dissimilar dimensions printed on a printed circuit board (PCB), is designed according to the leaky-wave method. A two-layer PCB structure is adopted as the PCS, which is designed by the transmission line model integrated with full-wave simulations. The FPA with the NPRS and the PCS is fabricated and measured for verification. The simulated and measured results are in good agreement. The directivity of the FPA with the proposed superstrate is 21.49 dB and the corresponding aperture efficiency is as high as 95.49% at 5.8 GHz.
21 citations
Cites background or methods from "Fabry–Pérot Resonator Antenna With ..."
...A double-layer nonuniform superstrate with a constant reflection phase but a varying reflection magnitude was designed as an NPRS in [11]....
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...In comparison with the exponential distribution [3], [4], [11], the uniformity is increased and the difference between the predicted and observed distributions should be caused by the unconsidered effects of source antenna, truncation, and high resonance modes in the leaky-wave model....
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TL;DR: A novel methodology is proposed to further enhance the gain of the FPC antenna by designing a metasurface with a controllable reflection phase to correct the phase distribution to a nearly uniform distribution, thereby enhancing the antenna gain.
Abstract: A significant problem that is encountered with the traditional Fabry-Perot cavity (FPC) antenna is the nonuniform phase distribution inside the cavity, which adversely affects the radiation characteristics of the antenna. In this paper, a novel methodology is proposed to further enhance the gain of the FPC antenna. A metasurface with a controllable reflection phase is designed to correct the phase distribution to a nearly uniform distribution, thereby enhancing the antenna gain. The unit cell of the metasurface is a simple substrate with two patches. The top layer patch is sufficiently large to provide high reflectivity, whereas the bottom layer patch has a variable size to tune the reflection phase of the unit cell. Using the proposed formula, a metasurface with a reflection phase correction is designed. The antenna gain is further enhanced, and high aperture efficiency is obtained. A prototype antenna is fabricated and measured. The measured results are in very good agreement with the simulated results. The measured results show that the antenna has a 3 dB gain bandwidth of 4% (9.8 GHz- 10.2 GHz). On average, a 2 dB gain enhancement is obtained Compare to the reference antenna. The maximum gain of the antenna reaches 19.7 dBi at 10 GHz with an aperture efficiency of 82.5%.
12 citations
Cites methods from "Fabry–Pérot Resonator Antenna With ..."
...Second method is to correct the magnitude errors on the antenna aperture plane [16]–[18]....
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TL;DR: In this paper, a flat-topped non-uniform Fabry-Perot leaky-wave antenna with a concentrated pattern is proposed to narrow the beamwidth of the flattopped pattern.
Abstract: The uniform Fabry–Perot leaky-wave antennas (LWAs) achieve pattern shaping due to a controlled aperture phase field, which is implemented by using a partially reflective surface (PRS) with a variable propagation constant on a ground plane. The uniform PRS can convert the radiation pattern from a pencil beam to a flat-topped beam when tuning the phase constant. Meanwhile, the beamwidth of the flat-topped uniform LWA becomes inevitably wide. The nonuniform LWA, which can provide nonlinearly variant phase aperture field, is thus proposed to narrow the beamwidth of the flat-topped pattern. The concentrated flat-topped radiation pattern is much preferred in microwave wireless power transmission. The synthesis of a flat-topped nonuniform LWA with a concentrated pattern is proposed. A nonuniform LWA with a periodic mesh grid has been fabricated and measured for verification. Compared with the uniform LWA, the measured results indicate 1.7 dB gain increment and 10° beamwith shrinkage, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed method.
10 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of placing a partially reflecting sheet in front of an antenna with a reflecting screen at a wavelength of 3.2 cm and showed that large arrays produce considerably greater directivity but their efficiency is poor.
Abstract: Multiple reflections of electromagnetic waves between two planes are studied, and the increase in directivity that results by placing a partially reflecting sheet in front of an antenna with a reflecting screen is investigated at a wavelength of 3.2 cm. The construction and performance of various models of such arrays is discussed. Thus, for example, a "reflex-cavity antenna" with an outer diameter of 1.88 \lambda and an over-all length of only 0.65 \lambda is described which has half-power beamwidths of 34\deg and 41\deg in the E and H planes, respectively, and a gain of approximately 14 db. It is shown that larger systems produce considerably greater directivity but that their efficiency is poor.
977 citations
"Fabry–Pérot Resonator Antenna With ..." refers background or methods in this paper
...With proper design of the distance between the superstrate and the ground, the multiple reflections between the superstrate and the ground can create a cophasal electromagnetic (EM) field distribution over the antenna’s aperture, thus leading to a high directivity [1]....
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...According to the ray-tracing method [1], to obtain a cophasal field resulting in high directivity for an FPRA with a uniform superstrate, the distance between the ground plane and the superstrate hc is required as follows: hc = φG + φS π λ...
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...Over the last two decades, the Fabry–Pérot resonator antenna (FPRA), which typically relies on a dielectric or metamaterialinspired superstrate for high directivity, has been widely investigated [1]–[4]....
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Journal Article•
TL;DR: This book describes numerous applications of genetic algorithms to the design and optimization of various low- and high-frequency electromagnetic components and provides a comprehensive list of the up-to-date references applicable to electromagneticdesign problems.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
Authoritative coverage of a revolutionary technique for overcoming problems in electromagnetic design Genetic algorithms are stochastic search procedures modeled on the Darwinian concepts of natural selection and evolution. The machinery of genetic algorithms utilizes an optimization methodology that allows a global search of the cost surface via statistical random processes dictated by the Darwinian evolutionary concept. These easily programmed and readily implemented procedures robustly locate extrema of highly multimodal functions and therefore are particularly well suited to finding solutions to a broad range of electromagnetic optimization problems. Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithms is the first book devoted exclusively to the application of genetic algorithms to electromagnetic device design. Compiled by two highly competent and well-respected members of the electromagnetics community, this book describes numerous applications of genetic algorithms to the design and optimization of various low- and high-frequency electromagnetic components. Special features include:
*Introduction by David E. Goldberg, "A Meditation on the Application of Genetic Algorithms"
*Design of linear and planar arrays using genetic algorithms
*Application of genetic algorithms to the design of broadband, wire, and integrated antennas
*Genetic algorithmdriven design of dielectric gratings and frequency-selective surfaces
*Synthesis of magnetostatic devices using genetic algorithms
*Application of genetic algorithms to multiobjective electromagnetic backscattering optimization
*A comprehensive list of the up-to-date references applicable to electromagneticdesign problemsSupplemented with more than 250 illustrations, Electromagnetic Optimization by Genetic Algorithms is a powerful resource for electrical engineers interested in modern electromagnetic designs and an indispensable reference for university researchers.
955 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple equivalent circuit model for square-loop arrays is presented, which predicts the plane-wave transmission characteristics for normal incidence, and a new member of the group of arrays for which simple equivalent circuits are available.
Abstract: Square-loop arrays are of interest as frequency selective surfaces. Experimental results for these arrays are presented, and a simple equivalent circuit model is described which predicts the plane-wave transmission characteristics for normal incidence. These elements are a new member of the group of arrays for which simple equivalent circuits are available.
431 citations
"Fabry–Pérot Resonator Antenna With ..." refers methods in this paper
...On the basis of the equivalent circuit method [13], [14] and full-wave EM simulations, the unit cells of the DNS are designed such that the DNS is endowed with different reflection magnitudes but a single phase....
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...The unit cell can be treated as a lumped network and thus can be analyzed using the equivalent circuit method [13], [14]....
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01 Jan 2016
TL;DR: The antenna engineering handbook is universally compatible with any devices to read and is available in the digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly.
Abstract: Thank you for reading antenna engineering handbook. As you may know, people have search numerous times for their favorite readings like this antenna engineering handbook, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than reading a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they cope with some infectious bugs inside their laptop. antenna engineering handbook is available in our digital library an online access to it is set as public so you can download it instantly. Our digital library saves in multiple locations, allowing you to get the most less latency time to download any of our books like this one. Kindly say, the antenna engineering handbook is universally compatible with any devices to read.
404 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a metamaterial unit cell with a low refractive index over a wide frequency band was designed and optimized along with the antenna to enhance its beam-focusing ability, taking into account the oblique wave incidence from the radiation source.
Abstract: A metamaterial unit cell with a low refractive index over a wide frequency band is proposed and designed. The effective material parameters of the unit cell are extracted, and the unit cell forms a planar three-layer metamaterial structure used as a superstrate for broadside gain enhancement of a patch antenna at 10 GHz. The proposed superstrate is optimized along with the antenna to enhance its beam-focusing ability, taking into account the oblique wave incidence from the radiation source. Both simulation and measurement of the antenna with the optimized superstrate show that this configuration is able to achieve a broadside gain 70%-80% of the maximum gain from the ideal effective radiation surface.
197 citations
"Fabry–Pérot Resonator Antenna With ..." refers background in this paper
...Currently, most FPRAs have a uniform superstrate [2]–[5]....
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