Face anti-spoofing with multifeature videolet aggregation
01 Dec 2016-pp 1035-1040
TL;DR: A novel multi-feature evidence aggregation method for face spoofing detection that fuses evidence from features encoding of both texture and motion properties in the face and also the surrounding scene regions and provides robustness to different attacks.
Abstract: Biometric systems can be attacked in several ways and the most common being spoofing the input sensor. Therefore, anti-spoofing is one of the most essential prerequisite against attacks on biometric systems. For face recognition it is even more vulnerable as the image capture is non-contact based. Several anti-spoofing methods have been proposed in the literature for both contact and non-contact based biometric modalities often using video to study the temporal characteristics of a real vs. spoofed biometric signal. This paper presents a novel multi-feature evidence aggregation method for face spoofing detection. The proposed method fuses evidence from features encoding of both texture and motion (liveness) properties in the face and also the surrounding scene regions. The feature extraction algorithms are based on a configuration of local binary pattern and motion estimation using histogram of oriented optical flow. Furthermore, the multi-feature windowed videolet aggregation of these orthogonal features coupled with support vector machine-based classification provides robustness to different attacks. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach by evaluating on three standard public databases: CASIA-FASD, 3DMAD and MSU-MFSD with equal error rate of 3.14%, 0%, and 0%, respectively.
Citations
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01 Sep 2019
TL;DR: This research proposes a computationally efficient solution by utilizing the power of CNN filters, and texture encoding for silicone mask based presentation attacks by binarizing the image region after convolving the region with the filters learned via CNN operations.
Abstract: Face recognition algorithms are generally vulnerable towards presentation attacks ranging from cost-effective ways such as print and replay to sophisticated mediums such as silicone masks. Carefully designed silicone masks have real-life face texture once wore and can exhibit facial motions; thereby making them challenging to detect. In the literature, while several algorithms have been developed for detecting print and replay based attacks, limited work has been done for detecting silicone mask-based attack. In this research, we propose a computationally efficient solution by utilizing the power of CNN filters, and texture encoding for silicone mask based presentation attacks. The proposed framework operates on the principle of binarizing the image region after convolving the region with the filters learned via CNN operations. On the challenging silicon mask face presentation attack database (SMAD), the proposed feature descriptor shows 3.8% lower error rate than the state-of-the-art algorithms.
7 citations
Cites background from "Face anti-spoofing with multifeatur..."
...The algorithms which show higher detection rate on 2D attacks show higher error rates for sophisticated silicone mask-based attacks [11, 32, 35]....
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...[32] have performed the fusion of texture and motion features....
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01 Jan 2019
TL;DR: This book chapter summarizes the progress in the past few years, as well as publicly available datasets, of face presentation attack detection (PAD) against 3D facial mask attack.
Abstract: With the advanced 3D reconstruction and printing technologies, creating a super-real 3D facial mask becomes feasible at an affordable cost. This brings a new challenge to face presentation attack detection (PAD) against 3D facial mask attack. As such, there is an urgent need to solve this problem as many face recognition systems have been deployed in real-world applications. Since this is a relatively new research problem, few studies has been conducted and reported. In order to attract more attentions on 3D mask face PAD, this book chapter summarizes the progress in the past few years, as well as publicly available datasets. Finally, some open problems in 3D mask attack are discussed.
7 citations
01 Aug 2018
TL;DR: The proposed MS-FANS method takes multiple face crops at different scales as input followed by a convolutional neural network (CNN) for feature extraction and fed into a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network for adaptive fusion of multi-scale information.
Abstract: Face anti-spoofing has encountered increasing demand as one of the key technologies for reliable and safe authentication with faces. Current face anti-spoofing methods generally take a single crop of face region as input for classification, i.e. exploiting information at only one scale. This single-scale scheme mainly focuses on facial characteristics but not utilize the surrounding information, causing poor generalization for different scenarios with varied means of attacks. Besides, it is tedious or highly empirical to determine an optimal scale of face crops. To overcome the limitations of single-scale methods, in this work we propose to integrate Multi-Scale information for better Face ANti-Spoofing (MS-FANS). Specifically, the proposed MS-FANS method takes multiple face crops at different scales as input followed by a convolutional neural network (CNN) for feature extraction. Then the features from different scales form as a sequence, which are fed into a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network for adaptive fusion of multi-scale information, constructing the final representation for classification. Benefited from this multi-scale design, MS-FANS can adaptively utilize context information from multiple scales, leading to promising performance on two challenging face anti-spoofing datasets, Idiap REPLAY-ATTACK and CASIA-FASD, with significant improvement compared with the existing methods.
7 citations
Cites background or methods from "Face anti-spoofing with multifeatur..."
...Unlike traditional multi-scale LBP [1], [3], [14], we use the singlescale convolution kernels but input images of different scales to achieve multi-scale effects....
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...In early works [1], [3], [14] multi-scale feature is indeed shown to be effective....
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TL;DR: It is presented that appropriate nonlinear adjustment and hair geometry can amplify the contrast between real faces and attacks and a simple convolutional neural network can solve the face anti-spoofing problem under different attack scenarios.
Abstract: Face biometrics systems are increasingly used by many business applications, which can be vulnerable to malicious attacks, leading to serious consequences. How to effectively detect spoofing faces is a critical problem. Traditional methods rely on handcraft features to distinguish real faces from fraud ones, but it is difficult for feature descriptors to handle all attack variations. More recently, in order to overcome the limitation of traditional methods, newly emerging CNN-based approaches were proposed, most of which, if not all, carefully design different network architectures. To make CNN-related approaches effective, data and learning strategies are both indispensable. In this paper, instead of focusing on network design, we explore more from the perspective of data. We present that appropriate nonlinear adjustment and hair geometry can amplify the contrast between real faces and attacks. Given our exploration, a simple convolutional neural network can solve the face anti-spoofing problem under different attack scenarios and achieve state-of-the-art performance on well-known face anti-spoofing benchmarks.
7 citations
01 Nov 2020
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a multi-modal dynamics fusion network (MM-DFN), which highlights the credit of the geometry information delivered by depth sensors or reconstructed from RGB images.
Abstract: Face anti-spoofing has recently become more important to the wide application of Face Recognition (FR) techniques. Compared to Spoofing Attacks (SAs) of printed photos and replayed videos, 3D masks bring more challenges to FR systems. This paper proposes a novel approach to 3D face mask anti-spoofing, namely Multi-Modal Dynamics Fusion Network (MM-DFN), and different from the overwhelming majority of the methods in the literature that only employ RGB data, it highlights the credit of the geometry information delivered by depth sensors or reconstructed from RGB images. Dynamic texture and shape clues are respectively encoded by a two-branch deep CNN model at different rates so that discriminative details are sufficiently captured, and they are combined at intervals for more comprehensive description. Moreover, a 3D model guided data augmentation method is applied to generate a diversity of samples with various poses, which further enhances the anti-spoofing model. The proposed method is extensively evaluated on three public benchmarks, i.e. 3DMAD, HKBU-MARs V1 and SMAD, and the results achieved are state-of-the-art, demonstrating its effectiveness for this issue.
7 citations
References
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TL;DR: A novel approach for recognizing DTs is proposed and its simplifications and extensions to facial image analysis are also considered and both the VLBP and LBP-TOP clearly outperformed the earlier approaches.
Abstract: Dynamic texture (DT) is an extension of texture to the temporal domain. Description and recognition of DTs have attracted growing attention. In this paper, a novel approach for recognizing DTs is proposed and its simplifications and extensions to facial image analysis are also considered. First, the textures are modeled with volume local binary patterns (VLBP), which are an extension of the LBP operator widely used in ordinary texture analysis, combining motion and appearance. To make the approach computationally simple and easy to extend, only the co-occurrences of the local binary patterns on three orthogonal planes (LBP-TOP) are then considered. A block-based method is also proposed to deal with specific dynamic events such as facial expressions in which local information and its spatial locations should also be taken into account. In experiments with two DT databases, DynTex and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), both the VLBP and LBP-TOP clearly outperformed the earlier approaches. The proposed block-based method was evaluated with the Cohn-Kanade facial expression database with excellent results. The advantages of our approach include local processing, robustness to monotonic gray-scale changes, and simple computation
2,653 citations
"Face anti-spoofing with multifeatur..." refers background in this paper
...Dynamic texture features such as LBP-TOP [22] are studied in this regard....
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IBM1
TL;DR: The inherent strengths of biometrics-based authentication are outlined, the weak links in systems employing biometric authentication are identified, and new solutions for eliminating these weak links are presented.
Abstract: Because biometrics-based authentication offers several advantages over other authentication methods, there has been a significant surge in the use of biometrics for user authentication in recent years. It is important that such biometrics-based authentication systems be designed to withstand attacks when employed in security-critical applications, especially in unattended remote applications such as e-commerce. In this paper we outline the inherent strengths of biometrics-based authentication, identify the weak links in systems employing biometrics-based authentication, and present new solutions for eliminating some of these weak links. Although, for illustration purposes, fingerprint authentication is used throughout, our analysis extends to other biometrics-based methods.
1,709 citations
"Face anti-spoofing with multifeatur..." refers background in this paper
...Biometric systems have different points of vulnerability such as sensor attacks, overriding feature extraction, tampering feature representation, corrupting matcher, tampering stored template, and overriding decision [18]....
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01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: This thesis builds a human-assisted motion annotation system to obtain ground-truth motion, missing in the literature, for natural video sequences, and proposes SIFT flow, a new framework for image parsing by transferring the metadata information from the images in a large database to an unknown query image.
Abstract: The focus of motion analysis has been on estimating a flow vector for every pixel by matching intensities. In my thesis, I will explore motion representations beyond the pixel level and new applications to which these representations lead.
I first focus on analyzing motion from video sequences. Traditional motion analysis suffers from the inappropriate modeling of the grouping relationship of pixels and from a lack of ground-truth data. Using layers as the interface for humans to interact with videos, we build a human-assisted motion annotation system to obtain ground-truth motion, missing in the literature, for natural video sequences. Furthermore, we show that with the layer representation, we can detect and magnify small motions to make them visible to human eyes. Then we move to a contour presentation to analyze the motion for textureless objects under occlusion. We demonstrate that simultaneous boundary grouping and motion analysis can solve challenging data, where the traditional pixel-wise motion analysis fails.
In the second part of my thesis, I will show the benefits of matching local image structures instead of intensity values. We propose SIFT flow that establishes dense, semantically meaningful correspondence between two images across scenes by matching pixel-wise SIFT features. Using SIFT flow, we develop a new framework for image parsing by transferring the metadata information, such as annotation, motion and depth, from the images in a large database to an unknown query image. We demonstrate this framework using new applications such as predicting motion from a single image and motion synthesis via object transfer. Based on SIFT flow, we introduce a nonparametric scene parsing system using label transfer, with very promising experimental results suggesting that our system outperforms state-of-the-art techniques based on training classifiers. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
899 citations
"Face anti-spoofing with multifeatur..." refers methods in this paper
...The orientation based optical flow vector is computed by solving the optimization problem 1 using conjugate gradient method [12]....
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TL;DR: An efficient and rather robust face spoof detection algorithm based on image distortion analysis (IDA) that outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in spoof detection and highlights the difficulty in separating genuine and spoof faces, especially in cross-database and cross-device scenarios.
Abstract: Automatic face recognition is now widely used in applications ranging from deduplication of identity to authentication of mobile payment. This popularity of face recognition has raised concerns about face spoof attacks (also known as biometric sensor presentation attacks), where a photo or video of an authorized person’s face could be used to gain access to facilities or services. While a number of face spoof detection techniques have been proposed, their generalization ability has not been adequately addressed. We propose an efficient and rather robust face spoof detection algorithm based on image distortion analysis (IDA). Four different features (specular reflection, blurriness, chromatic moment, and color diversity) are extracted to form the IDA feature vector. An ensemble classifier, consisting of multiple SVM classifiers trained for different face spoof attacks (e.g., printed photo and replayed video), is used to distinguish between genuine (live) and spoof faces. The proposed approach is extended to multiframe face spoof detection in videos using a voting-based scheme. We also collect a face spoof database, MSU mobile face spoofing database (MSU MFSD), using two mobile devices (Google Nexus 5 and MacBook Air) with three types of spoof attacks (printed photo, replayed video with iPhone 5S, and replayed video with iPad Air). Experimental results on two public-domain face spoof databases (Idiap REPLAY-ATTACK and CASIA FASD), and the MSU MFSD database show that the proposed approach outperforms the state-of-the-art methods in spoof detection. Our results also highlight the difficulty in separating genuine and spoof faces, especially in cross-database and cross-device scenarios.
716 citations
"Face anti-spoofing with multifeatur..." refers background or methods in this paper
...• On MSU dataset, HOOF obtains tremendous improvement in EER (from 30.41 to 2.50...
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...Similarly, at the Inter Feature Fusion stage, the correlation of 0.51, 0.62, and 0.66 is observed for CASIA, MSU, and 3DMAD datasets, respectively....
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...MSU dataset contains a higher fraction of replay attack videos compared to CASIA....
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...• Performance of the Proposed Approach: The proposed fusion approach (using HOOF and multi-LBP with face and scene aggregated over videolets) provides 0% EER with uncontrolled illumination and background on both MSU and 3DMAD datasets....
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...Orthogonal to the LBP texture descriptors based approaches, quality assessment metrics such as specular reflection, blurring and color density are also explored for anti-spoofing [10], [20]....
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Proceedings Article•
27 Sep 2012TL;DR: This paper inspects the potential of texture features based on Local Binary Patterns (LBP) and their variations on three types of attacks: printed photographs, and photos and videos displayed on electronic screens of different sizes and concludes that LBP show moderate discriminability when confronted with a wide set of attack types.
Abstract: Spoofing attacks are one of the security traits that biometric recognition systems are proven to be vulnerable to. When spoofed, a biometric recognition system is bypassed by presenting a copy of the biometric evidence of a valid user. Among all biometric modalities, spoofing a face recognition system is particularly easy to perform: all that is needed is a simple photograph of the user. In this paper, we address the problem of detecting face spoofing attacks. In particular, we inspect the potential of texture features based on Local Binary Patterns (LBP) and their variations on three types of attacks: printed photographs, and photos and videos displayed on electronic screens of different sizes. For this purpose, we introduce REPLAY-ATTACK, a novel publicly available face spoofing database which contains all the mentioned types of attacks. We conclude that LBP, with ∼15% Half Total Error Rate, show moderate discriminability when confronted with a wide set of attack types.
707 citations
Additional excerpts
...The face anti-spoofing problem is extensively studied in literature, particularly with the introduction of Print Attack dataset [1], Replay Attack dataset [5], CASIA-FASD spoofing dataset [21], 3DMAD database [7], and MSU mobile face spoofing database [20]....
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