Facilitated single-alternation go, no-go aquisition following hippocampectomy in the rat.
01 Aug 1970-Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology (J Comp Physiol Psychol)-Vol. 72, Iss: 2, pp 278-285
About: This article is published in Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology.The article was published on 1970-08-01. It has received 114 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Alternation (formal language theory) & Go/no go.
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TL;DR: It is proposed that the hippocampus is selectively involved in behaviors that require working memory, irrespective of the type of material (spatial or nonspatial) that is to be processed by that memory.
Abstract: We examine two different descriptions of the behavioral functions of the hippocampal system. One emphasizes spatially organized behaviors, especially those using cognitive maps. The other emphasizes memory, particularly working memory, a short-term memory that requires iexible stimulus-response associations and is highly susceptible to interference. The predictive value of the spatial and memory descriptions were evaluated by testing rats with damage to the hippocampal system in a series of experiments, independently manipulating the spatial and memory characteristics of a behavioral task. No dissociations were found when the spatial characteristics of the stimuli to be remembered were changed; lesions produced a similar deficit in both spatial and nonspatial test procedures, indicating that the hippocampus was similarly involved regardless of the spatial nature of the task. In contrast, a marked dissociation was found when the memory requirements were altered. Rats with lesions were able to perform accurately in tasks that could be solved exclusively on the basis of reference memory. They performed at chance levels and showed no signs of recovery even with extensive postoperative training in tasks that required working memory. In one experiment all the characteristics of the reference memory and working memory procedures were identical except the type of memory required. Consequently, the behavioral dissociation cannot be explained by differences in attention, motivation, response inhibition, or the type of stimuli to be remembered. As a result of these experiments we propose that the hippocampus is selectively involved in behaviors that require working memory, irrespective of the type of material (spatial or nonspatial) that is to be processed by that memory.
2,006 citations
TL;DR: The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that the mammalian brain may be capable of acquiring different kinds of information with different, more-or-less independent neural systems.
Abstract: This study investigated the respective roles of the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the dorsal striatum in learning and memory. A standard set of experimental conditions for studying the effects of lesions to the three brain areas using an 8-arm radial maze was used: a win-shift version, a conditioned cue preference (CCP) version, and a win-stay version. Damage to the hippocampal system impaired acquisition of the win-shift task but not the CCP or win-stay tasks. Damage to the lateral amygdala impaired acquisition of the CCP task but not the win-shift or win-stay tasks. Damage to the dorsal striatum impaired acquisition of the win-stay task but not the win-shift or CCP tasks. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the mammalian brain may be capable of acquiring different kinds of information with different, more-or-less independent neural systems. A neural system that includes the hippocampus may acquire information about the relationships among stimuli and events. A neural system that includes the amygdala may mediate the rapid acquisition of behaviors based on biologically significant events with affective properties. A neural system that includes the dorsal striatum may mediate the formation of reinforced stimulus-response associations.
1,077 citations
TL;DR: A double dissociation of the mnemonic functions of the hippocampus and caudate nucleus is demonstrated, demonstrating the presence of 2 memory systems in the mammalian brain.
Abstract: The present experiments were designed to examine the hypothesis that the mammalian brain contains anatomically distinct memory systems. Rats with bilateral lesions of caudate nucleus or fimbria-fornix and a control group were tested postoperatively on 1 of 2 versions of the radial maze task. In a standard win-shift version, each of the 8 arms of the maze was baited once, and the number of errors (revisits) in the first 8 choices of each trial was recorded. Fimbria-fornix rats were impaired in choice accuracy, while caudate animals were unimpaired relative to controls. Different groups of rats with similar lesions were tested on a newly developed win-stay version of the radial maze, in which the location of 4 randomly selected baited arms was signaled by a light at the entrance to each arm, and which required rats to revisit arms in which reinforcement had been previously acquired within a trial. Rats with fimbria-fornix lesions were superior to controls in choice accuracy on the win-stay radial maze task, while caudate animals were impaired relative to controls. The results demonstrate a double dissociation of the mnemonic functions of the hippocampus and caudate nucleus. Some implications of the presence of 2 memory systems in the mammalian brain are discussed.
978 citations
Cites background from "Facilitated single-alternation go, ..."
...…1978) cue-guided lever press alternation (Stevens and Cowey, 1972) 2-bar alternation (Jackson and Strong, 1969) single-bar go/no go alternation (Means et al., 1970; Walker et al., 1970) olfactory discrimination reversal (Eichenbaum et al., 1986; Fagan and Olton, 1986) and successive cue go/no…...
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...Other learning paradigms in which hippocampal/fomix lesions have similar effects include various avoidance tasks (see O’Keefe and Nadel, 1978) cue-guided lever press alternation (Stevens and Cowey, 1972) 2-bar alternation (Jackson and Strong, 1969) single-bar go/no go alternation ( Means et al., 1970; Walker et al., 1970) olfactory discrimination reversal (Eichenbaum et al., 1986; Fagan and Olton, 1986) and successive cue go/no go olfactory ......
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TL;DR: A theory which holds that information is normally stored within a specialized memory rather than the system immediately responsible for the performance of behavior is advanced and the effects of hippocampal ablation are explained in terms of the elimination of such transfer.
922 citations
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01 Aug 1974
TL;DR: The structure of the Limbic System, the Amygdala, the Septal Area, the Hippocampus, and the Hypothalamus are explained and the role of these structures and their role in human emotion is explained.
Abstract: 1. The Structure of the Limbic System.- 2. The Hypothalamus.- 3. The Amygdala.- 4. The Septal Area.- 5. The Hippocampus.- 6. The Graven Image, Lethe, and the Guru.- References.- Author Index.
776 citations
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TL;DR: The results of these studies point to the importance of the hippocampal complex for normal memory function in patients who had undergone similar, but less radical, bilateral medial temporallobe resections, and as a warning to others of the risk to memory involved in bilateral surgical lesions of the hippocampusal region.
Abstract: In 1954 Scoville described a grave loss of recent memory which he had observed as a sequel to bilateral medial temporal-lobe resection in one psychotic patient and one patient with intractable seizures. In both cases the operations had been radical ones, undertaken only when more conservative forms of treatment had failed. The removals extended posteriorly along the mesial surface of the temporal lobes for a distance of approximately 8 cm. from the temporal tips and probably destroyed the anterior two-thirds of the hippocampus and hippocampal gyrus bilaterally, as well as the uncus and amygdala. The unexpected and persistent memory deficit which resulted seemed to us to merit further investigation. We have therefore carried out formal memory and intelligence testing of these two patients and also of eight other patients who had undergone similar, but less radical, bilateral medial temporallobe resections.* The present paper gives the results of these studies which point to the importance of the hippocampal complex for normal memory function. Whenever the hippocampus and hippocampal gyrus were damaged bilaterally in these operations some memory deficit was found, but not otherwise. We have chosen to report these findings in full, partly for their theoretical significance, and partly as a warning to others of the risk to memory involved in bilateral surgical lesions of the hippocampal region.
7,041 citations
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TL;DR: A model is presented which identifies the amygdala and hippocampus with two distinct attention-directing processes, and the manner in which these processes govern problem-solving behavior is outlined, and a number of hypotheses generated.
371 citations
349 citations