Factor accumulation and economic growth in Pakistan: incorporating human capital
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Summary
- The agricultural area is intensively used to grow flower bulbs, which are 104 treated with pesticides and nutrients between February to November.
- 129 One DECOTAB was added to each bottle.
- To confirm that agricultural practices in the study area differentially affected microbial 172 communities during this study period, the authors measured carbon utilization profiles of sediment 173 bacteria as a proxy of microbial functional diversity using Ecoplates .
- A shift in relative contributions to OM degradation becomes 191 evident when plotting the ratio of microbial decomposition and isopod-associated OM 192 consumption (Fig 1B), illustrating a shift towards a higher contribution of microbial 193 decomposition to OM degradation.
- This study tested whether agricultural practices have an effect on two ecological 247 processes (i.e., decomposition and invertebrate growth) that represent relevant temporal 248 components of the trophic linkage between aquatic microbial communities and aquatic 249 invertebrates, and assessed whether potential alterations are visible on ecologically relevant 250 scales.
- This points to a currently underappreciated compensatory 292 feeding mechanism in invertebrates in response to microbial perturbations.
- The effect of 400 pesticides on the composition of aquatic macrofauna communities in field ditches.
- Effects of subchronic fungicide exposure on the 469 energy processing of Gammarus fossarum (Crustacea; Amphipoda).
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Frequently Asked Questions (12)
Q2. What is the effect of human capital on GDP per worker?
As Human capital (average year of schooling) increase labor productivity by acquiring knowledge and training, which will attract other factor of production like physical capital and in this way human capital cause productivity growth which leads to increase employment level, per capital income and hence economic growth.
Q3. What are the sources of long run economic growth in developed and developing countries?
There are two sources of economic growth, either productivity growth or factor accumulation (physical capital, employed labor force and human capital).
Q4. What is the main reason why the authors suggested that a country should invest more on human capital?
Lucas (1988) and Romer (1990) suggested that a country should invest more on human capital because it can contribute to economic growth and social welfare.
Q5. What is the objective of the study?
The objective of the study is to analyze the relationship between factor accumulation and GDP per worker in Pakistan using ARDL bound testing approach to co-integration from 1973 to 2014.
Q6. What is the coefficient of capital stock?
Real capital stock is also positively associated with the economic growth and coefficient of capital stock shows that there will be 0.35% marginal change in GDP per worker due to 1% change in the real capital stock.
Q7. What is the effect of proxy on GDP per worker?
Proxy for human capital is effecting GDP per worker positively and significantly in the long run, it can contribute to economic growth in the long run as suggested in the previous studies by Lucas (1988), Romer (1990), Mankiw et.al (1992), Abbas (2000), Khan (2005), Ali et al. (2012) and Qadri and Waheed (2014).
Q8. What are the main factors that determine the value of human capital?
Romer, and Weil (1992) prefer enrollment in secondary school to measure human capital and they conclude that human capital can boost up the economy.
Q9. What is the effect of education on economic growth?
Abbas (2000) used enrollment at different level of education (i.e. primary, secondary and higher) as a stock of human capital (in comparative analysis between India and Pakistan) to analyze its effect on economic growth.
Q10. What is the main reason why the authors suggest that in developing countries like Pakistan with low tax rate?
Seren and Marti(2013) suggest that in developing countries like Pakistan (where tax payers avoid taxes) with low nominal tax rate human capital did not contribute to economic growth but inversely.
Q11. How much is the average rate of depreciation of real capital stock?
In order to construct real capital stock using gross fixed capital formation average rate of depreciation is supposed 5% (Siddiqui, 2004).
Q12. What measures of human capital are used to capture the stock of the economy?
Khan (2005) analyzed four different measure to capture stock of human capital i.e. literacy rates,average years of schooling, gross secondary school enrollment, and life expectancy.