Factors associated with breast self-examination among jordanian women.
TL;DR: Investigating factors and beliefs that may be related to the practice of breast self-examination among a group of Jordanian women found confidence, motivation, susceptibility, and fewer barriers were variables that showed a positive association with BSE practice in the previous year, while benefits, susceptible, and motivation influenced the intention to perform BSE in the future.
Abstract: The purpose of this cross-sectional, correlational, descriptive study was to investigate factors and beliefs that may be related to the practice of breast self-examination (BSE) among a group of Jordanian women. The sample consisted of 519 women from two major universities in Jordan. About 36% of the sample were university employees and 64% were graduate and undergraduate students. Stratified random sampling was used to enroll the undergraduate students while graduate students and employees were selected by convenience sampling. The study instrument was an adapted version of Champion's Revised Health Belief Model Scale (CRHBMS). The results were analyzed using a chi-square test and a stepwise multiple regression. The main findings indicate that although the majority of the sample population (67%) had heard/read about BSE, only a quarter of them reported that they had ever practiced BSE in the previous 12 months, and only 7% had performed it on a regular monthly basis. Confidence, motivation, susceptibility, and fewer barriers were variables that showed a positive association with BSE practice in the previous year, while benefits, susceptibility, and motivation influenced the intention to perform BSE in the future. Women's age, level of education, having heard or read about breast tumors, and personal history of breast tumors were also found to be significant predictors of BSE practice.
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TL;DR: By using the CHBMS constructs for assessment, primary health care providers can more easily understand the beliefs that influence women's BSE and mammography practice.
Abstract: Breast cancer appears to be a disease of both the developing and developed worlds. Among Turkish women, breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The aims of this cross-sectional study were to determine levels of knowledge about breast cancer and to evaluate health beliefs concerning the model that promotes breast self- examination (BSE) and mammography in a group of women aged 20–64 in a rural area of western Turkey. 244 women were recruited by means of cluster sampling in this study. The questionnaire consisted of sociodemographic variables, a risk factors and signs of breast cancer form and the adapted version of Champion's Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS). Bivariate correlation analysis, Chi square test, Mann-Whitney U test and logistic regression analysis were performed throughout the data analysis. The mean age of the women was 37.7 ± 13.7. 49.2% of women were primary school graduates, 67.6% were married. Although 76.6% of the women in this study reported that they had heard or read about breast cancer, our study revealed that only 56.1% of them had sufficient knowledge of breast cancer, half of whom had acquired the information from health professionals. Level of breast cancer knowledge was the only variable significantly associated with the BSE and mammography practice (p = 0.011, p = 0.007). BSE performers among the study group were more likely to be women who exhibited higher confidence and perceived greater benefits from BSE practice, and those who perceived fewer barriers to BSE performance and possessed knowledge of breast cancer. By using the CHBMS constructs for assessment, primary health care providers can more easily understand the beliefs that influence women's BSE and mammography practice.
309 citations
Cites background or result from "Factors associated with breast self..."
...The present results parallel those of Eun-Hyun and PetroNustas [18,31]....
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...women, seriousness has been continuously reported as a non-significant predictor of BSE [18,35-37]....
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...The model stipulates that health-related behaviour is influenced by a person's perception of the threat posed by a health problem and by the value associated with his or her action to reduce that threat [18]....
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..., the positive influence of a health care provider or the media) would also more readily adopt BSE, as would a woman who wants to improve her health and who is confident of positive results [18,19]....
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...As in studies of Black American, Australian, Hispanic American, Jordanian, Chinese, Vietnamese, and Asian Indian women, the results of this study indicate that the revised CHBMS is a useful framework to identify factors that influence BSE for Turkish women [4,5,14,17,18,29,33,34]....
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TL;DR: Three of the five components of the Health Belief Model, namely, perceived susceptibility, cues to action, and perceived benefits, were significant predictors of facemask-wearing even after considering effects of demographic characteristics.
254 citations
TL;DR: Higher seriousness of breast cancer, higher benefits of having mammography, having heard/read about Mammography, and having a gynaecologist as a regular physician were significantly associated withHaving mammography.
217 citations
170 citations
TL;DR: Diversity in health beliefs and behaviors exists in religious subgroups and health communications should be modified to suit women in different groups in order to increase participation in screening.
Abstract: Objectives: To examine the relationship between health beliefs and participation in breast cancer screening among Arab women in Israel. Methods: A random sample of 568 Arab women, aged 20–60, belonging to three religious groups, Muslim, Christian, and Druze, was recruited. Participants answered a telephone questionnaire regarding attendance for mammography screening and clinical breast examination (CBE) and health beliefs. Results: Christian women had undergone more mammography screening and CBE than Druze and Muslim women. They perceived more benefits and fewer barriers to screening practices and had greater perception of the severity of breast cancer. Perception of susceptibility was similar across groups. The barriers that were significant for the Druze and Muslim women were feelings of discomfort and embarrassment, the belief that there was no cure in the case of a positive finding, perceiving mammography as hazardous to health, and perceiving CBE as painful. Logistic regression revealed that age, gro...
161 citations
References
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01 Jan 1988
TL;DR: This article posits a revised explanatory model which incorporates self-efficacy into the Health Belief Model, and predicts that the new formulation will more fully account for health-related behavior than did earlier formulations, and will suggest more effective behavioral interventions than have hitherto been available to health educators.
Abstract: The Health Belief Model, social learning theory (recently relabelled social cognitive theory), self-efficacy, and locus of control have all been applied with varying success to problems of explaining, predicting, and influencing behavior. Yet, there is conceptual confusion among researchers and practitioners about the interrelationships of these theories and variables. This article attempts to show how these explanatory factors may be related, and in so doing, posits a revised explanatory model which incorporates self-efficacy into the Health Belief Model. Specifically, self-efficacy is proposed as a separate independent variable along with the traditional health belief variables of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers. Incentive to behave (health motivation) is also a component of the model. Locus of control is not included explicitly because it is believed to be incorporated within other elements of the model. It is predicted that the new formulation will more fully account for health-related behavior than did earlier formulations, and will suggest more effective behavioral interventions than have hitherto been available to health educators.
4,772 citations
TL;DR: To increase professional health workers’ knowledge of selected research findings and theory so that they may better understand why and under what conditions people take action to prevent, detect and diagnose disease, this paper aims to increase awareness among qualified behavioral scientists about the kinds of behavioral research opportunities and needs that exist in public health.
Abstract: Aims of the Paper
The principal aims of this paper are (1) to increase professional health workers’ knowledge of selected research findings and theory so that they may better understand why and under what conditions people take action to prevent, detect and diagnose disease; and (2) to increase awareness among qualified behavioral scientists about the kinds of behavioral research opportunities and needs that exist in public health.
A matter of personal philosophy of the author is that the goal of understanding and predicting behavior should appropriately precede the goal of attempting to persuade people to modify their health practices, even though behavior can sometimes be changed in a planned way without clear understanding of its original causes. Efforts to modify behavior will ultimately be more successful if they grow out of an understanding of causal processes. Accordingly, primary attention will here be given to an effort to understand why people behave as they do. Only then will brief consideration be given to problems of how to persuade people to use health services.
2,847 citations
"Factors associated with breast self..." refers background in this paper
...…four concepts: (1) perceived personal exposure to a health condition (susceptibility); (2) perceived personal harm from the condition (seriousness); (3) perceived positive attributes of an action (benefits); and (4) perceived negative aspects related to an action (barriers) (Rosenstock, 1966)....
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...As initially introduced by Hochbaum, Leventhal, Kegeles and Rosenstock in the 1950s, the HBM included the following four concepts: (1) perceived personal exposure to a health condition (susceptibility); (2) perceived personal harm from the condition (seriousness); (3) perceived positive attributes of an action (benefits); and (4) perceived negative aspects related to an action (barriers) (Rosenstock, 1966)....
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TL;DR: Most research directed at understanding ”activity undertaken by those who consider themselves ill, for the purpose of getting well” has yielded an unsystematic multiplicity of findings which are often either not predictive of such patient compliance,’’ or are mutually contradictory.
Abstract: Most research directed a t understanding ”activity undertaken by those who consider themselves ill, for the purpose of getting well” has yielded an unsystematic multiplicity of findings which are often either not predictive of such patient compliance,’” or are mutually contradictory.7.8 These difficulties arise, in part, from past dependence on a “medical” model of patient behavior, which stresses such easily identified and quantified dimensions as characteristics of the patient (e.g., demographic and social),6~B~lO the regimen (e.g., type, complexity, discomfort, duration),ll-l3 and the illness (e.g., medically-defined seriousness, duration, disability).7,14J5
1,669 citations
"Factors associated with breast self..." refers background in this paper
...The model stipulates that health-related behavior is influenced by a person’s perception of the threat posed by a health problem and by the value associated with his or her action to reduce that threat (Becker, 1978)....
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TL;DR: Invitation to mammographic screening may lead to reduced mortality from breast cancer, at least in women aged 55 or over.
Abstract: STUDY OBJECTIVE--To determine whether mortality from breast cancer could be reduced by repeated mammographic screening. DESIGN--Birth year cohorts of city population separately randomised into study and control groups. SETTING--Screening clinic outside main hospital. PATIENTS--Women aged over 45; 21,088 invited for screening and 21,195 in control group. INTERVENTIONS--Women in the study group were invited to attend for mammographic screening at intervals of 18-24 months. Five rounds of screening were completed. Breast cancer was treated according to stage at diagnosis. END POINT--Mortality from breast cancer. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--All women were followed up and classed at end point as alive without breast cancer, alive with breast cancer, dead from breast cancer, or dead from other causes. Cause of death was taken from national mortality registry and for patients with breast cancer was validated independently. Mean follow up was 8.8 years. Altogether 588 cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in the study group and 447 in the control group; 99 v 94 women died of all causes and 63 v 66 women died of breast cancer (no significant difference; relative risk 0.96 (95% confidence interval 0.68 to 1.35)). In the study group 29% more women aged less than 55 died of breast cancer (28 v 22; relative risk 1.29 (0.74 to 2.25)). More women in the study group died from breast cancer in the first seven years; after that the trend reversed, especially in women aged greater than or equal to 55 at entry. Overall, women in the study group aged greater than or equal to 55 had a 20% reduction in mortality from breast cancer (35 v 44; relative risk 0.79 (0.51 to 1.24)). OTHER FINDINGS--In the study group 100 (17%) cancers appeared in intervals between screenings and 107 (18%) in non-attenders; 51 of these women died from breast cancer. Cancers classed as stages II-IV comprised 33% (190/579) of cancers in the study group and 52% (231/443) in the control group. CONCLUSIONS--Invitation to mammographic screening may lead to reduced mortality from breast cancer, at least in women aged 55 or over.
887 citations
TL;DR: An instrument to measure the Health Belief Model concepts of susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, health motivation, and confidence, using the context of breast cancer and breast self-examination is refined.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to refine an instrument to measure the Health Belief Model concepts of susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers, health motivation, and confidence, using the context of breast cancer and breast self-examination. A Likert format was used for attitudinal scales. A random sample (N = 581) of women 35 years and over was included. Items were subjected to content analysis by national experts. Construct validity was established using exploratory factor analysis. Predictive validity was established by relating breast self-examination behavior to breast self-examination attitudes, using simultaneous multiple regression and bivariate correlations. Cronbach alpha reliability coefficients for the revised scales ranged from .80 to .93. Test-retest correlations ranged from .45 to .70.
411 citations
"Factors associated with breast self..." refers background or methods or result in this paper
...A woman who has an internal cue (body perception) or who has been exposed to an external cue (e.g., the positive influence of a health care provider or the media) would also opt for BSE, as would a woman who wants to improve her health and who is confident of positive results (Champion, 1993)....
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..., the positive influence of a health care provider or the media) would also opt for BSE, as would a woman who wants to improve her health and who is confident of positive results (Champion, 1993)....
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...Champion’s revised Health Belief Model Scale (CRHBMS) was used as the tool for this study (Champion, 1993; Mikhail & Petro-Nustas, 2001)....
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...This result is similar to the findings reported by Champion (1993, 1997)....
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