Factors Influencing the Willingness to Pay for Entrance Permit: The Evidence from Taman Negara National Park
20 Aug 2010-Journal of Sustainable Development (Canadian Center of Science and Education)-Vol. 3, Iss: 3, pp 212-220
TL;DR: In this article, the authors applied the Travel Cost Method (TCM) and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) to investigate the pattern of willingness to pay among visitors of Taman Negara National Park (TNNP).
Abstract: Non-market techniques such as Travel Cost Method (TCM) and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) are commonly used to estimate the economic benefits of outdoor recreation. This study applied the CVM, with Willingness to Pay (WTP) as the elicitation method, to investigate the pattern of willingness to pay among visitors of Taman Negara National Park (TNNP). In applying CVM, the respondents were asked on the maximum amount they were willing to pay to enter this park. Data were obtained using closed-ended questionnaires through interview. About 196 visitors were involved in the study. This study used multiple regressions (MR) to investigate factors that determine WTP for entrance permit in TNNP. This study found that the WTP was positively related to several important factors; and these factors include nationality, income, education and marital status. All these factors can help to explain the WTP for entrance permit at TNNP. Approach in determining WTP for entrance permit will help park authorities to be more financially self-sufficient. In addition, it will generate more income, and thus more efficiency in operating and maintaining the national parks.
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TL;DR: A survey of over 1000 U.S. households showed limited knowledge of payment for ecosystem service (PES) programs and antagonistic opinions regarding initial WTP for watershed conservation and corresponding PES financial charges as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to improve understanding of willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the enhancement of selected ecosystem services from forested watersheds. Results from a nationwide survey of over 1000 U.S. households showed limited knowledge of payment for ecosystem service (PES) programs and antagonistic opinions regarding initial WTP for watershed conservation and corresponding PES financial charges. Water quality dominated importance among selected PES attributes used in a discrete-choice experiment followed by provisioning of habitat for threatened plant and animal species, flood control, and landscape aesthetics. Econometric analyses elucidated that environmental attitudes significantly influenced WTP results even more than annual household income. Results show WTP levels for improvements in water quality were homogeneous across the nation but heterogeneous for the enhancement of habitat, landscape and flood control. Findings support the establishment of PES initiatives that enhance forested watersheds conditions across the U.S. primarily driven by improvements in water quality. PES programs should be tailored locally to emphasize the provisioning of other ecosystem services such as habitat for threatened species and flood control.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply a choice experiment to estimate individuals' marginal willingness to pay for comparable biodiversity conservation measures and outcomes across country borders, and with different distances from their place of residence to conservation locations in Denmark and in Southern Sweden.
27 citations
Cites background or result from "Factors Influencing the Willingness..."
...Similarly, Samdin et al. (2010) compared 130 Malaysians and international visitors’ preferences and found that the respondents’ nationality 131 affected significantly their preferences for protection of the Taman Negara National Park....
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...…that nationality and degree of attachment to locations affect 499 preferences (e.g., Brouwer et al., 2010; Carlsson et al., 2012; Dallimer et al., 2014; Davis and 500 Tisdell, 1998; Hanley et al., 2003; Ressurreição et al., 2012; Samdin et al., 2010; Yau et al., 2014; 501 Valasiuk et al., 2017)....
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TL;DR: In this article, travel cost and contingent valuation methods were used to derive estimates of economic value for recreational use of Los Nevados National Park in the Andean region of Colombia, where park visitors were surveyed regarding their travel costs and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for ecological restoration of areas affected by wildfires in 2006.
Abstract: This study uses travel cost and contingent valuation methods to derive estimates of economic value for recreational use of Los Nevados National Park in the Andean region of Colombia. Park visitors were surveyed regarding their travel costs and willingness-to-pay (WTP) for ecological restoration of areas affected by wildfires in 2006. The travel cost data was analyzed using a zonal travel cost model. The contingent valuation experiment used a dichotomous choice format followed by an open-ended question asking for their maximum WTP for restoration. Consumer surplus for recreational use of the park was found to be large relative to the budget of the Colombian Parks Service, which justifies continued funding. Respondents’ WTP for ecological restoration was modest and possibly influenced by bequest values, but unaffected by potential information bias.
21 citations
Cites background from "Factors Influencing the Willingness..."
...Recently, the use of CVM for improving PA management or developing sustainable ecotourism in national parks has received considerable attention (e.g., Shamsudin et al., 2009; Yacob et al., 2009; Samdin et al., 2010)....
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the concept of total economic value (TEV) of ecosystem services (ES) provided by forest ecosystems and identify that PES often include compensation as a proxy for the supply of ES and largely neglect to encompass the different attributes of an ES' TEV, particularly existence values.
Abstract: Payment for ecosystem services (PES) programs have emerged as a financial mechanism to ameliorate market failures associated with the multitude of non-market ecosystem services (ES) provided by forest ecosystems. However, the defining principles of PES in theory is far from what pertains in practice. Focusing on the concept of total economic value (TEV) of ES, we identify that PES often include compensation as a proxy for the supply of ES and largely neglect to encompass the different attributes of an ES' TEV, particularly existence values. Most PES schemes are limited by scope of funding and incentives often account for as little as 0.1% to 8.5% of the full annual ES economic values per ha. The mechanism of PES therefore needs to be broadened to integrate potential levels of payments that direct and indirect beneficiaries might be willing to pay to preserve forest ecosystems and their services. Some beneficiaries might be willing to pay for some ES and altruistically expect others to free-ride on their payment. Research efforts should aim at providing better understanding of beneficiaries' willingness to pay in order to expand the demand-side of PES and reduce uncertainties.
19 citations
Cites background from "Factors Influencing the Willingness..."
...…forest ES from individual beneficiaries as a measure critical to inform PES planning decisions and to support government and private-sponsored PES schemes (Calderon et al. 2012, Obeng and Aguilar 2018, Ojea and Loureiro 2007, Kreye and Adams 2014, Samdin et al. 2010, Spash 2006, Stern et al. 1994)....
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Dissertation•
01 Mar 2017
TL;DR: In this article, the economic value of watershed conservation of the North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest (NSPSF) was estimated from a single bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation (DC-CVM) model and the expected conservation value of the forest watershed from the farmers' WTP was RM7,319,494,383.
Abstract: Forest resources conservation in recent times has shifted from the conventional command and control practices to more dynamic approach such as payment for ecological services (PES) for sustainable management. Forest ecological services are under estimated in development decisions because existing tools for assessing and valuing ecosystem services often fall short of the needs and expectations of decision makers. Thus, the need for better management options such as PES, to ensure sustainable forest management. PES is a new conservation technique that focuses on incentives payments to land owners or stewards for investing in new land use practice that lead to conservation of specific environmental services. The aim of this study is to estimate the economic value of watershed conservation of the North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest (NSPSF). This forest comprises Sungai Karang and Raja Musa Forest reserves. The forest watersheds provides rich ecological functions like flood control, water supply and purification, biodiversity function, carbon storage, pollution control and sediment retention. In addition, recharge water downstream into Sungai Bernam and Sungai Tengi that drains into the agricultural drain land at Barat Laut Selangor irrigation area. However, the watershed is seriously threatened as a result of human activities, coupled with reduction in rainfall (Drought). Consequently, reduce water inflow which poses threat to sustainable supply of water for irrigation and domestic uses in the area. Despite broad recognition of the value of the goods and services provided by the forest watershed, conservation programs in area suffer inadequate funding, hence the need for alternative sources such as PES. To estimate the economic value of this watershed, Contingent Valuation Methods (CVM) and Choice Experiment (CE) was employed. The survey responses of 380 randomly selected farmers and 397 households in the study area were analysed. The result was estimated from a single bounded dichotomous choice contingent valuation (DC-CVM) model and the expected conservation value of the forest watershed from the farmers’ WTP was RM7,319,494,383.85/per/year. For the choice experiment analysis multinomial logit model and Random parameter Model was used. The expected conservation value of watershed obtained from the households’ WTP was RM13,316,102.38/per/year. The result shows that the estimated total economic value of The North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest (NSPSF) for (2016) was RM7,332,810,486.23 billion per year. An important policy implication drawn from the study is that the respondents were willing to pay for improved irrigation and domestic water supply. Therefore, recommend PES as additional conservation funds at the North Selangor Peat Swamp Forest for sustainable conservation and management.
16 citations
References
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Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this Section: 1. Multivariate Statistics: Why? and 2. A Guide to Statistical Techniques: Using the Book Research Questions and Associated Techniques.
Abstract: In this Section: 1. Brief Table of Contents 2. Full Table of Contents 1. BRIEF TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 A Guide to Statistical Techniques: Using the Book Chapter 3 Review of Univariate and Bivariate Statistics Chapter 4 Cleaning Up Your Act: Screening Data Prior to Analysis Chapter 5 Multiple Regression Chapter 6 Analysis of Covariance Chapter 7 Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Covariance Chapter 8 Profile Analysis: The Multivariate Approach to Repeated Measures Chapter 9 Discriminant Analysis Chapter 10 Logistic Regression Chapter 11 Survival/Failure Analysis Chapter 12 Canonical Correlation Chapter 13 Principal Components and Factor Analysis Chapter 14 Structural Equation Modeling Chapter 15 Multilevel Linear Modeling Chapter 16 Multiway Frequency Analysis 2. FULL TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction Multivariate Statistics: Why? Some Useful Definitions Linear Combinations of Variables Number and Nature of Variables to Include Statistical Power Data Appropriate for Multivariate Statistics Organization of the Book Chapter 2: A Guide to Statistical Techniques: Using the Book Research Questions and Associated Techniques Some Further Comparisons A Decision Tree Technique Chapters Preliminary Check of the Data Chapter 3: Review of Univariate and Bivariate Statistics Hypothesis Testing Analysis of Variance Parameter Estimation Effect Size Bivariate Statistics: Correlation and Regression. Chi-Square Analysis Chapter 4: Cleaning Up Your Act: Screening Data Prior to Analysis Important Issues in Data Screening Complete Examples of Data Screening Chapter 5: Multiple Regression General Purpose and Description Kinds of Research Questions Limitations to Regression Analyses Fundamental Equations for Multiple Regression Major Types of Multiple Regression Some Important Issues. Complete Examples of Regression Analysis Comparison of Programs Chapter 6: Analysis of Covariance General Purpose and Description Kinds of Research Questions Limitations to Analysis of Covariance Fundamental Equations for Analysis of Covariance Some Important Issues Complete Example of Analysis of Covariance Comparison of Programs Chapter 7: Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Covariance General Purpose and Description Kinds of Research Questions Limitations to Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Covariance Fundamental Equations for Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Covariance Some Important Issues Complete Examples of Multivariate Analysis of Variance and Covariance Comparison of Programs Chapter 8: Profile Analysis: The Multivariate Approach to Repeated Measures General Purpose and Description Kinds of Research Questions Limitations to Profile Analysis Fundamental Equations for Profile Analysis Some Important Issues Complete Examples of Profile Analysis Comparison of Programs Chapter 9: Discriminant Analysis General Purpose and Description Kinds of Research Questions Limitations to Discriminant Analysis Fundamental Equations for Discriminant Analysis Types of Discriminant Analysis Some Important Issues Comparison of Programs Chapter 10: Logistic Regression General Purpose and Description Kinds of Research Questions Limitations to Logistic Regression Analysis Fundamental Equations for Logistic Regression Types of Logistic Regression Some Important Issues Complete Examples of Logistic Regression Comparison of Programs Chapter 11: Survival/Failure Analysis General Purpose and Description Kinds of Research Questions Limitations to Survival Analysis Fundamental Equations for Survival Analysis Types of Survival Analysis Some Important Issues Complete Example of Survival Analysis Comparison of Programs Chapter 12: Canonical Correlation General Purpose and Description Kinds of Research Questions Limitations Fundamental Equations for Canonical Correlation Some Important Issues Complete Example of Canonical Correlation Comparison of Programs Chapter 13: Principal Components and Factor Analysis General Purpose and Description Kinds of Research Questions Limitations Fundamental Equations for Factor Analysis Major Types of Factor Analysis Some Important Issues Complete Example of FA Comparison of Programs Chapter 14: Structural Equation Modeling General Purpose and Description Kinds of Research Questions Limitations to Structural Equation Modeling Fundamental Equations for Structural Equations Modeling Some Important Issues Complete Examples of Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Comparison of Programs Chapter 15: Multilevel Linear Modeling General Purpose and Description Kinds of Research Questions Limitations to Multilevel Linear Modeling Fundamental Equations Types of MLM Some Important Issues Complete Example of MLM Comparison of Programs Chapter 16: Multiway Frequency Analysis General Purpose and Description Kinds of Research Questions Limitations to Multiway Frequency Analysis Fundamental Equations for Multiway Frequency Analysis Some Important Issues Complete Example of Multiway Frequency Analysis Comparison of Programs
53,113 citations
"Factors Influencing the Willingness..." refers background in this paper
...It is a set of statistical techniques which allows us to access the relationship between one dependent and several independent variables (Tabachnick and Fidell, 2001)....
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...Zaiton (2008) found 60% of visitors to TNNP were male....
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Book•
01 Mar 1989
TL;DR: Mitchell and Carson as discussed by the authors argue that at this time the contingent valuation (CV) method offers the most promising approach for determining public willingness to pay for many public goods, an approach likely to succeed, if used carefully, where other methods may fail.
Abstract: Economists and others have long believed that by balancing the costs of such public goods as air quality and wilderness areas against their benefits, informed policy choices can be made. But the problem of putting a dollar value on cleaner air or water and other goods not sold in the marketplace has been a major stumbling block. Mitchell and Carson, for reasons presented in this book, argue that at this time the contingent valuation (CV) method offers the most promising approach for determining public willingness to pay for many public goods---an approach likely to succeed, if used carefully, where other methods may fail. The result of ten years of research by the authors aimed at assessing how surveys might best be used to value public goods validly and reliably, this book makes a major contribution to what constitutes best practice in CV surveys.
Mitchell and Carson begin by introducing the contingent valuation method, describing how it works and the nature of the benefits it can be used to measure, comparing it to other methods for measuring benefits, and examining the data-gathering technique on which it is based---survey research. Placing contingent valuation in the larger context of welfare theory, the authors examine how the CV method impels a deeper understanding of willingness-to-pay versus willingness-to-accept compensation measures, the possibility of existence values for public goods, the role of uncertainty in benefit valuation, and the question of whether a consumer goods market or a political goods market (referenda) should be emulated. In developing a CV methodology, the authors deal with issues of broader significance to survey research. Their model of respondent error is relevant to current efforts to frame a theory of response behavior and bias typology will interest those considering the cognitive aspects of answering survey questions.
Mitchell and Carson conclude that the contingent valuation method can obtain valid valuation information on public goods, but only if the method is applied in a way that addresses the potential sources of error and bias. They end their book by providing guidelines for CV practitioners, a list of questions that should be asked by any decision maker who wishes to use the findings of a CV study, and suggestions for new applications of contingent valuation. Additional features include a comprehensive bibliography of the CV literature and an appendix summarizing more than 100 CV studies.
5,546 citations
"Factors Influencing the Willingness..." refers methods in this paper
...CVM is commonly used in the valuation of public goods (Mitchell and Carson, 1989) and is capable of measuring both types of...
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Book•
27 Jan 1997
TL;DR: Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS for Windows explains statistical tests using the latest version of SPSs, the most widely used computer package for analyzing quantitative data, using the same formula-free, non-technical approach.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
Quantitative Data Analysis with SPSS for Windows explains statistical tests using the latest version of SPSS, the most widely used computer package for analyzing quantitative data. Using the same formula-free, non-technical approach as the highly successful
non-windows version, it assumes no previous familiarity with either statistics or computing, and takes the reader step-by-step through each of the techniques for which SPSS for Windows can be used. The book also contains exercises with answers, and covers issues such as sampling,
statistical significance, and the selection of appropriate tests.
1,056 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that parameters and standard errors for utility-theoretic inverse Hicksian demand functions can be extracted directly and much more simply, without the utility function entirely.
825 citations
"Factors Influencing the Willingness..." refers background or methods or result in this paper
...Chin et al. (2000) found that 76.0 per cent of visitors to Bako National Park were aged between 16 and 40. In addition, Lindberg et al. (1998) where it was discovered that most of the visitors (89.0 per cent) to TNNP were in the age group below 40. All these findings suggest that the younger generation have a greater intention of visiting the tropical rain forests and national parks. More than half (52.4%) of the visitors were international while the rest (47.6%) were Malaysians. In terms of educational background, 25.7% and 32.8% of the visitors attained first degrees and masters/PhD, respectively. This study has similar finding with Zaiton (2008), Pau (1993) and Khoo (1995); found most visitors to TNNP are university educated....
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...Chin et al. (2000) found that 76.0 per cent of visitors to Bako National Park were aged between 16 and 40. In addition, Lindberg et al. (1998) where it was discovered that most of the visitors (89....
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...Recently, Willingness to Pay (WTP) has been used as a guideline to develop an efficient pricing system of protected areas and routinely identified through a questionnaire-based approach (Cameron, 1988)....
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TL;DR: A survey of New Hampshire and Vermont households showed that although user fees are widely accepted, they may substantially reduce participation in resource-based recreation by those earning less than $100 per month.
Abstract: A mail survey of New Hampshire and Vermont households shows that although user fees are widely accepted, they may substantially reduce participation in resource-based recreation by those earning le...
141 citations
"Factors Influencing the Willingness..." refers methods in this paper
...McCarville (1995) and More and Stevens (2000) found that socio-demographic characteristics such as income, age and education are correlated with opinions regarding pricing....
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