Journal ArticleDOI
Failure to deactivate in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: dysfunction of the default mode network?
Edith Pomarol-Clotet,Raymond Salvador,Salvador Sarró,Jesus J. Gomar,Fidel Vila,A. Martínez,A. Guerrero,Jordi Ortiz-Gil,Bibiana Sans-Sansa,Antoni Capdevila,J. M. Cebamanos,Peter J. McKenna +11 more
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TLDR
Patients with schizophrenia show both failure to activate and failure to deactivate during performance of a working memory task, including an area in the anterior prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortex that corresponds to one of the two midline components of the ‘default mode network’ implicated in functions related to maintaining one's sense of self.Abstract:
BackgroundFunctional imaging studies using working memory tasks have documented both prefrontal cortex (PFC) hypo- and hyperactivation in schizophrenia. However, these studies have often failed to consider the potential role of task-related deactivation.MethodThirty-two patients with chronic schizophrenia and 32 age- and sex-matched normal controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning while performing baseline, 1-back and 2-back versions of the n-back task. Linear models were used to obtain maps of activations and deactivations in the groups.ResultsThe controls showed activation in the expected frontal regions. There were also clusters of deactivation, particularly in the anterior cingulate/ventromedial PFC and the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus. Compared to the controls, the schizophrenic patients showed reduced activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and other frontal areas. There was also an area in the anterior cingulate/ventromedial PFC where the patients showed apparently greater activation than the controls. This represented a failure of deactivation in the schizophrenic patients. Failure to activate was a function of the patients' impaired performance on the n-back task, whereas the failure to deactivate was less performance dependent.ConclusionsPatients with schizophrenia show both failure to activate and failure to deactivate during performance of a working memory task. The area of failure of deactivation is in the anterior prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortex and corresponds to one of the two midline components of the ‘default mode network’ implicated in functions related to maintaining one's sense of self.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Phasic deactivation of the medial temporal lobe enables working memory processing under stress
Helena Cousijn,Mark Rijpkema,Shaozheng Qin,Shaozheng Qin,Guido van Wingen,Guido van Wingen,Guillén Fernández,Guillén Fernández +7 more
TL;DR: The findings suggest that the influence of stress on MTL deactivation during working memory processing is task-related rather than a general consequence of the stressful state, and the temporal suspension of hippocampal processing in favor of more task relevant processes may allow subjects to maintain normal performance levels under moderate stress.
Journal ArticleDOI
Failure of de-activation in the medial frontal cortex in mania: evidence for default mode network dysfunction in the disorder.
Edith Pomarol-Clotet,Noemi Moro,Salvador Sarró,Jose Manuel Goikolea,Eduard Vieta,Benedikt L. Amann,Paloma Fernández-Corcuera,Bibiana Sans-Sansa,Gemma C. Monté,Antoni Capdevila,Peter J. McKenna,Raymond Salvador +11 more
TL;DR: It is suggested that, in addition to reduced prefrontal activation, failure of de-activation is an important functional imaging abnormality in mania, and its location in the medial prefrontal cortex implies default mode network dysfunction in the disorder.
Journal ArticleDOI
First-episode psychosis is characterized by failure of deactivation but not by hypo- or hyperfrontality.
Amalia Guerrero-Pedraza,Peter J. McKenna,Jesus J. Gomar,Salvador Sarró,R. Salvador,Benedikt L. Amann,M. I. Carrión,Ramon Landin-Romero,J. Blanch,Edith Pomarol-Clotet +9 more
TL;DR: First-episode psychosis is not characterized by hypo- or hyperfrontality but instead by a failure of deactivation in the medial frontal cortex, and the location and connectivity of this area suggest that it is part of the default mode network.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prenatal lead exposure impacts cross-hemispheric and long-range connectivity in the human fetal brain.
Moriah E. Thomason,Moriah E. Thomason,Jasmine L. Hect,Virginia A. Rauh,Christopher J. Trentacosta,Muriah D. Wheelock,Adam T. Eggebrecht,Claudia Espinoza-Heredia,S. Alexandra Burt +8 more
TL;DR: This work combines prenatal lead exposure information extracted from newborn bloodspots with the human fetal brain functional MRI data to assess whether neural network connectivity differs between lead‐exposed and lead‐naïve fetuses, and finds that neural connectivity patterns differed in lead‐Exposed and comparison groups.
Journal ArticleDOI
Functional and Structural MR Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Part 2: Application in Schizophrenia and Autism
TL;DR: This review focuses on autism and schizophrenia as common psychiatric disorders covering different stages of the life span and concludes by summarizing current applications, limitations, and future prospects in the field of MR imaging−based neuroimaging.
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