Failure to deactivate in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: dysfunction of the default mode network?
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...…video clips of facial expressions (Mothersill et al., 2014a), and failure to deactivate the medial prefrontal cortex during other cognitive tasks (e.g. working memory performance) has also been reported in multiple schizophrenia studies (Meyer-Lindenberg et al., 2001; Pomarol-Clotet et al., 2008)....
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...working memory performance) has also been reported in multiple schizophrenia studies (Meyer-Lindenberg et al., 2001; Pomarol-Clotet et al., 2008)....
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"Failure to deactivate in the prefro..." refers methods in this paper
...The behavioural measure used was the signal detection theory index of sensitivity, dk (Green & Swets, 1966)....
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...This interpretation is supported by (a) the spatial correspondence between this area and that identified in studies of the default mode network (e.g. Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001), and (b) the fact that the controls in our study showed deactivation in the same area while performing the n-back task....
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...the inferior parietal cortex and parts of the temporal lobe including the hippocampus), these are thought to constitute a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....
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...…is supported by (a) the spatial correspondence between this area and that identified in studies of the default mode network (e.g. Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001), and (b) the fact that the controls in our study showed deactivation in the same area while performing the n-back task....
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...…a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....
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6,025 citations
"Failure to deactivate in the prefro..." refers background in this paper
...the inferior parietal cortex and parts of the temporal lobe including the hippocampus), these are thought to constitute a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....
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...…a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....
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3,285 citations
"Failure to deactivate in the prefro..." refers background or result in this paper
...Two studies, however, had opposite results to ours : Harrison et al. (2007) found that 12 schizophrenic patients showed greater deactivation of both the anterior and posterior cingulate midline loci than in 14 controls during a task requiring response suppression. Using an auditory oddball task, Garrity et al. (2007) found that 21 patients with schizophrenia showed a complex pattern of abnormality compared to 22 normal controls, but deactivation was increased in the anterior cingulate/ superior medial frontal gyri. The remaining two studies (Bluhm et al. 2007 ; Zhou et al. 2007) focused exclusively on connectivity, and cannot be directly compared with our findings. Of note, Kennedy et al. (2006) have also documented default mode network dysfunction in adult high-functioning autisticspectrum patients, although they found that the failure of deactivation affected both the anterior and posterior midline loci of the network....
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...Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001), and (b) the fact that the controls in our study showed deactivation in the same area while performing the n-back task. Menzies et al. (2007) also interpreted the failure to deactivate they found in schizophrenia in terms of default mode network dysfunction. However, as neither we nor Menzies et al. (2007) set out specifically to examine default mode network function in schizophrenia, such an interpretation should be regarded as provisional....
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...Two studies, however, had opposite results to ours : Harrison et al. (2007) found that 12 schizophrenic patients showed greater deactivation of both the anterior and posterior cingulate midline loci than in 14 controls during a task requiring response suppression. Using an auditory oddball task, Garrity et al. (2007) found that 21 patients with schizophrenia showed a complex pattern of abnormality compared to 22 normal controls, but deactivation was increased in the anterior cingulate/ superior medial frontal gyri....
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...the inferior parietal cortex and parts of the temporal lobe including the hippocampus), these are thought to constitute a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....
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...Gusnard et al. (2001) have also reviewed various lines of evidence that suggest that different parts of the default mode network are involved in gathering information about the world, orienting oneself to salient environmental stimuli, theory of mind and self-representation....
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