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Journal Article•DOI•

Failure to deactivate in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: dysfunction of the default mode network?

Edith Pomarol-Clotet, Raymond Salvador, Salvador Sarró, Jesus J. Gomar, Fidel Vila, A. Martínez, A. Guerrero, Jordi Ortiz-Gil, Bibiana Sans-Sansa, Antoni Capdevila, J. M. Cebamanos, Peter J. McKenna 
01 Aug 2008-Psychological Medicine (Cambridge University Press)-Vol. 38, Iss: 8, pp 1185-1193
TL;DR: Patients with schizophrenia show both failure to activate and failure to deactivate during performance of a working memory task, including an area in the anterior prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortex that corresponds to one of the two midline components of the ‘default mode network’ implicated in functions related to maintaining one's sense of self.
Abstract: BackgroundFunctional imaging studies using working memory tasks have documented both prefrontal cortex (PFC) hypo- and hyperactivation in schizophrenia. However, these studies have often failed to consider the potential role of task-related deactivation.MethodThirty-two patients with chronic schizophrenia and 32 age- and sex-matched normal controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning while performing baseline, 1-back and 2-back versions of the n-back task. Linear models were used to obtain maps of activations and deactivations in the groups.ResultsThe controls showed activation in the expected frontal regions. There were also clusters of deactivation, particularly in the anterior cingulate/ventromedial PFC and the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus. Compared to the controls, the schizophrenic patients showed reduced activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and other frontal areas. There was also an area in the anterior cingulate/ventromedial PFC where the patients showed apparently greater activation than the controls. This represented a failure of deactivation in the schizophrenic patients. Failure to activate was a function of the patients' impaired performance on the n-back task, whereas the failure to deactivate was less performance dependent.ConclusionsPatients with schizophrenia show both failure to activate and failure to deactivate during performance of a working memory task. The area of failure of deactivation is in the anterior prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortex and corresponds to one of the two midline components of the ‘default mode network’ implicated in functions related to maintaining one's sense of self.
Citations
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Journal Article•DOI•
Functional disconnection between subsystems of the default mode network in schizophrenia.

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Fengmei Fan1, Fengmei Fan2, Shuping Tan2, Junchao Huang2, Song Chen2, Hongzhen Fan2, Zhiren Wang2, Chiang-Shan R. Li3, Yunlong Tan2 •
McGovern Institute for Brain Research1, Peking University2, Yale University3
13 Nov 2020-Psychological Medicine
TL;DR: The homochronicity of their appearance indicates the trait-like nature of these alterations in schizophrenia, and the DMN deficit may be useful for early diagnosis, and MTL dysfunction may be a crucial mechanism underlying schizophrenia.
Abstract: Background A dysfunctional default mode network (DMN) has been reported in patients with schizophrenia. However, the stability of the deficits has not been determined across different stages of the disorder. Methods We examined the functional connectivity of the DMN subsystems of 125 patients with first-episode schizophrenia (FES) or recurrent schizophrenia (RES), compared to that of 82 healthy controls. We tested the robustness of the findings in an independent cohort of 158 patients and 39 healthy controls. We performed resting-state functional connectivity analysis, and examined the strength of the connections within and between the three subsystems of the DMN (core, dorsal medial prefrontal cortex [dMPFC], and medial temporal lobe [MTL]). We also analyzed the connectivity correlations to symptoms and illness duration. Results We found reduced connectivity strength between the core and MTL subsystems in schizophrenia patients compared to controls, with no differences between the FES and RES patient groups; these findings were validated in the second sample. Schizophrenia patients also showed a significant reduction in connectivity within the MTL and between the dMPFC-MTL subsystems, similarly between FES and RES groups. The connectivity strength within the core subsystem was negatively correlated with clinical symptoms in schizophrenia. There was no significant correlation between the DMN subsystem connectivity and illness duration. Conclusions DMN subsystem connectivity deficits are present in schizophrenia, and the homochronicity of their appearance indicates the trait-like nature of these alterations. The DMN deficit may be useful for early diagnosis, and MTL dysfunction may be a crucial mechanism underlying schizophrenia.

9 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Functional fractionation of default mode network in first episode schizophrenia.

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Fengmei Fan1, Yunlong Tan2, Zhiren Wang2, Fude Yang2, Hongzhen Fan2, Hong Xiang, Hua Guo, L. Elliot Hong3, Shuping Tan2, Xi-Nian Zuo •
McGovern Institute for Brain Research1, Peking University2, University of Maryland, Baltimore3
01 Aug 2019-Schizophrenia Research
TL;DR: The associations between the hyper-fractionation with clinical symptoms suggest a role of the high fractionation in the DMN in the abnormal neuropathology observed in schizophrenia.

9 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Altered functional connectivity of the default mode network in Williams syndrome: a multimodal approach.

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Adriana Sampaio1, Pedro Moreira2, Ana Alexandra Caldas Osório3, Ana Alexandra Caldas Osório1, Ricardo Magalhães2, Cristiana Vasconcelos, Montse Férnandez4, Angel Carracedo4, Joana Alegria1, Óscar F. Gonçalves1, Óscar F. Gonçalves5, Óscar F. Gonçalves6, José Miguel Soares2 •
University of Minho1, RMIT University2, Mackenzie Presbyterian University3, University of Santiago de Compostela4, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital5, College of Health Sciences, Bahrain6
01 Jul 2016-Developmental Science
TL;DR: A reduced FC of the posterior hub of the DMN in the WS group is consistent with immaturity of the brain FC patterns and may be associated with the singularity of their visual spatial phenotype.
Abstract: Resting state brain networks are implicated in a variety of relevant brain functions. Importantly, abnormal patterns of functional connectivity (FC) have been reported in several neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, the Default Mode Network (DMN) has been found to be associated with social cognition. We hypothesize that the DMN may be altered in Williams syndrome (WS), a neurodevelopmental genetic disorder characterized by an unique cognitive and behavioral phenotype. In this study, we assessed the architecture of the DMN using fMRI in WS patients and typically developing matched controls (sex and age) in terms of FC and volumetry of the DMN. Moreover, we complemented the analysis with a functional connectome approach. After excluding participants due to movement artifacts (n = 3), seven participants with WS and their respective matched controls were included in the analyses. A decreased FC between the DMN regions was observed in the WS group when compared with the typically developing group. Specifically, we found a decreased FC in a posterior hub of the DMN including the precuneus, calcarine and the posterior cingulate of the left hemisphere. The functional connectome approach showed a focalized and global increased FC connectome in the WS group. The reduced FC of the posterior hub of the DMN in the WS group is consistent with immaturity of the brain FC patterns and may be associated with the singularity of their visual spatial phenotype.

9 citations

Journal Article•DOI•
Capturing spontaneous activity in the medial prefrontal cortex using near-infrared spectroscopy and its application to schizophrenia.

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Fumiharu Hosomi1, Masaya Yanagi1, Yoshihiro Kawakubo1, Noa Tsujii1, Satoshi Ozaki, Osamu Shirakawa1 •
Kindai University1
27 Mar 2019-Scientific Reports
TL;DR: The ability of NIRS to evaluate the spontaneous activity in the mPFC of patients with schizophrenia, particularly younger patients, indicates its utility for clinical applications to schizophrenia, which may facilitate chronological assessment of larger cohorts of Patients with schizophrenia in further studies.
Abstract: Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an optimal imaging modality used to examine spontaneous brain activity because it can quietly measure blood flow changes with less physical restriction during the resting state. Here, NIRS was used at rest to measure spontaneous activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a main locus of default mode network. Consistent with previous fMRI studies, magnitude of the spontaneous activity in this region declined with increasing age in healthy subjects. The magnitude reduced in the mPFC of patients with schizophrenia. Additionally, in the mPFC of patients with schizophrenia, the spontaneous activity did not show any age-related decline; the activity was already low in younger patients. Further analysis using fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations confirmed the reduction of spontaneous activity in the mPFC of patients with schizophrenia, consistent with the findings of fMRI studies. Our findings demonstrate the ability of NIRS to evaluate the spontaneous activity in the mPFC of patients with schizophrenia, particularly younger patients. Considering the safety and ease of the NIRS measurements, the current NIRS study of the resting-state activity indicates its utility for clinical applications to schizophrenia, which may facilitate chronological assessment of larger cohorts of patients with schizophrenia in further studies.

9 citations

Posted Content•DOI•
Common default mode network dysfunction across psychopathologies: A neuroimaging meta-analysis of the n-back working memory paradigm

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Michael C. Farruggia1, Angela R. Laird2, Aaron T. Mattfeld2•
Yale University1, Florida International University2
31 Jan 2020-bioRxiv
TL;DR: Examination of working memory networks across psychopathologies provides evidence that default-mode intrusion may constitute a shared seed of dysregulation across multiple psychopathologies, ultimately resulting in poorer working memory performance.
Abstract: The National Institute of Mental Health’s (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) classifies disorders based on shared aspects of behavioral and neurobiological dysfunction. One common behavioral deficit observed in various psychopathologies, namely ADHD, addiction, bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia, is a deficit in working memory performance. However, it is not known to what extent, if any, these disorders share common neurobiological abnormalities that contribute to decrements in performance. The goal of the present study was to examine convergence and divergence of working memory networks across psychopathologies. We used the Activation Likelihood Estimate (ALE) meta-analytic technique to collapse prior data obtained from published studies using the n-back working memory paradigm in individuals with a DSM-criteria diagnosis of the aforementioned disorders. These studies examined areas in the brain that showed increases in activity as a function of working memory-related load compared to a baseline condition, both within subjects and between healthy individuals and those with psychiatric disorder. A meta-analysis of 281 foci covering 81 experiments and 2,629 participants found significant convergence of hyperactivity in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) for DSM-diagnosed individuals compared to healthy controls. Foci from ADHD, addiction, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and major depression studies contributed to the formation of this cluster. These results provide evidence that default-mode intrusion may constitute a shared seed of dysregulation across multiple psychopathologies, ultimately resulting in poorer working memory performance.

9 citations

References
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Journal Article•DOI•
Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL.

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Stephen M. Smith1, Mark Jenkinson1, Mark W. Woolrich2, Mark W. Woolrich1, Christian F. Beckmann1, Behrens Tej.1, Heidi Johansen-Berg1, Peter R. Bannister1, M De Luca1, Ivana Drobnjak1, D E Flitney1, Rami K. Niazy1, J Saunders1, J Vickers1, Yongyue Zhang1, N. De Stefano2, J M Brady3, Paul M. Matthews1 •
John Radcliffe Hospital1, University of Siena2, University of Oxford3
01 Jan 2004-NeuroImage
TL;DR: A review of the research carried out by the Analysis Group at the Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB) on the development of new methodologies for the analysis of both structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging data.

12,097 citations

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Signal detection theory and psychophysics

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David M. Green, John A. Swets
01 Jan 1966
TL;DR: This book discusses statistical decision theory and sensory processes in signal detection theory and psychophysics and describes how these processes affect decision-making.
Abstract: Book on statistical decision theory and sensory processes in signal detection theory and psychophysics

11,820 citations

"Failure to deactivate in the prefro..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...The behavioural measure used was the signal detection theory index of sensitivity, dk (Green & Swets, 1966)....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
A default mode of brain function.

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Marcus E. Raichle1, Ann Mary MacLeod1, Abraham Z. Snyder1, William J. Powers, Debra A. Gusnard1, Gordon L. Shulman1 •
Washington University in St. Louis1
16 Jan 2001-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
TL;DR: A baseline state of the normal adult human brain in terms of the brain oxygen extraction fraction or OEF is identified, suggesting the existence of an organized, baseline default mode of brain function that is suspended during specific goal-directed behaviors.
Abstract: A baseline or control state is fundamental to the understanding of most complex systems. Defining a baseline state in the human brain, arguably our most complex system, poses a particular challenge. Many suspect that left unconstrained, its activity will vary unpredictably. Despite this prediction we identify a baseline state of the normal adult human brain in terms of the brain oxygen extraction fraction or OEF. The OEF is defined as the ratio of oxygen used by the brain to oxygen delivered by flowing blood and is remarkably uniform in the awake but resting state (e.g., lying quietly with eyes closed). Local deviations in the OEF represent the physiological basis of signals of changes in neuronal activity obtained with functional MRI during a wide variety of human behaviors. We used quantitative metabolic and circulatory measurements from positron-emission tomography to obtain the OEF regionally throughout the brain. Areas of activation were conspicuous by their absence. All significant deviations from the mean hemisphere OEF were increases, signifying deactivations, and resided almost exclusively in the visual system. Defining the baseline state of an area in this manner attaches meaning to a group of areas that consistently exhibit decreases from this baseline, during a wide variety of goal-directed behaviors monitored with positron-emission tomography and functional MRI. These decreases suggest the existence of an organized, baseline default mode of brain function that is suspended during specific goal-directed behaviors.

10,708 citations

"Failure to deactivate in the prefro..." refers background or result in this paper

  • ...This interpretation is supported by (a) the spatial correspondence between this area and that identified in studies of the default mode network (e.g. Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001), and (b) the fact that the controls in our study showed deactivation in the same area while performing the n-back task....

    [...]

  • ...the inferior parietal cortex and parts of the temporal lobe including the hippocampus), these are thought to constitute a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....

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  • ...…is supported by (a) the spatial correspondence between this area and that identified in studies of the default mode network (e.g. Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001), and (b) the fact that the controls in our study showed deactivation in the same area while performing the n-back task....

    [...]

  • ...…a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....

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Journal Article•DOI•
Functional connectivity in the resting brain: A network analysis of the default mode hypothesis

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Michael D. Greicius1, Ben Krasnow, Allan L. Reiss, Vinod Menon•
Stanford University1
07 Jan 2003-Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
TL;DR: This study constitutes, to the knowledge, the first resting-state connectivity analysis of the default mode and provides the most compelling evidence to date for the existence of a cohesive default mode network.
Abstract: Functional imaging studies have shown that certain brain regions, including posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), consistently show greater activity during resting states than during cognitive tasks. This finding led to the hypothesis that these regions constitute a network supporting a default mode of brain function. In this study, we investigate three questions pertaining to this hypothesis: Does such a resting-state network exist in the human brain? Is it modulated during simple sensory processing? How is it modulated during cognitive processing? To address these questions, we defined PCC and vACC regions that showed decreased activity during a cognitive (working memory) task, then examined their functional connectivity during rest. PCC was strongly coupled with vACC and several other brain regions implicated in the default mode network. Next, we examined the functional connectivity of PCC and vACC during a visual processing task and show that the resultant connectivity maps are virtually identical to those obtained during rest. Last, we defined three lateral prefrontal regions showing increased activity during the cognitive task and examined their resting-state connectivity. We report significant inverse correlations among all three lateral prefrontal regions and PCC, suggesting a mechanism for attenuation of default mode network activity during cognitive processing. This study constitutes, to our knowledge, the first resting-state connectivity analysis of the default mode and provides the most compelling evidence to date for the existence of a cohesive default mode network. Our findings also provide insight into how this network is modulated by task demands and what functions it might subserve.

6,025 citations

"Failure to deactivate in the prefro..." refers background in this paper

  • ...the inferior parietal cortex and parts of the temporal lobe including the hippocampus), these are thought to constitute a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....

    [...]

  • ...…a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....

    [...]

Journal Article•DOI•
Searching for a baseline: Functional imaging and the resting human brain

[...]

Debra A. Gusnard1, Marcus E. Raichle1•
Washington University in St. Louis1
01 Oct 2001-Nature Reviews Neuroscience
TL;DR: This work explores the possibility that there might be a baseline or resting state of brain function involving a specific set of mental operations, including the manner in which a baseline is defined and the implications of such a baseline for the understanding ofbrain function.
Abstract: Functional brain imaging in humans has revealed task-specific increases in brain activity that are associated with various mental activities. In the same studies, mysterious, task-independent decreases have also frequently been encountered, especially when the tasks of interest have been compared with a passive state, such as simple fixation or eyes closed. These decreases have raised the possibility that there might be a baseline or resting state of brain function involving a specific set of mental operations. We explore this possibility, including the manner in which we might define a baseline and the implications of such a baseline for our understanding of brain function.

3,285 citations

"Failure to deactivate in the prefro..." refers background or result in this paper

  • ...Two studies, however, had opposite results to ours : Harrison et al. (2007) found that 12 schizophrenic patients showed greater deactivation of both the anterior and posterior cingulate midline loci than in 14 controls during a task requiring response suppression. Using an auditory oddball task, Garrity et al. (2007) found that 21 patients with schizophrenia showed a complex pattern of abnormality compared to 22 normal controls, but deactivation was increased in the anterior cingulate/ superior medial frontal gyri. The remaining two studies (Bluhm et al. 2007 ; Zhou et al. 2007) focused exclusively on connectivity, and cannot be directly compared with our findings. Of note, Kennedy et al. (2006) have also documented default mode network dysfunction in adult high-functioning autisticspectrum patients, although they found that the failure of deactivation affected both the anterior and posterior midline loci of the network....

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  • ...Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001), and (b) the fact that the controls in our study showed deactivation in the same area while performing the n-back task. Menzies et al. (2007) also interpreted the failure to deactivate they found in schizophrenia in terms of default mode network dysfunction. However, as neither we nor Menzies et al. (2007) set out specifically to examine default mode network function in schizophrenia, such an interpretation should be regarded as provisional....

    [...]

  • ...Two studies, however, had opposite results to ours : Harrison et al. (2007) found that 12 schizophrenic patients showed greater deactivation of both the anterior and posterior cingulate midline loci than in 14 controls during a task requiring response suppression. Using an auditory oddball task, Garrity et al. (2007) found that 21 patients with schizophrenia showed a complex pattern of abnormality compared to 22 normal controls, but deactivation was increased in the anterior cingulate/ superior medial frontal gyri....

    [...]

  • ...the inferior parietal cortex and parts of the temporal lobe including the hippocampus), these are thought to constitute a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....

    [...]

  • ...Gusnard et al. (2001) have also reviewed various lines of evidence that suggest that different parts of the default mode network are involved in gathering information about the world, orienting oneself to salient environmental stimuli, theory of mind and self-representation....

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[...]

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