Failure to deactivate in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: dysfunction of the default mode network?
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...The smaller amount of deactivation deficit in patients with schizophrenia in comparison to healthy controls (Pomarol-Clotet et al., 2008; Whitfield-Gabrieli et al., 2009) could contribute to the globally worse performance in the former....
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...This seems coherent with the lessened deactivation of the default mode network (DMN) reported in schizophrenia in comparison to healthy participants (Ongur et al., 2010; Pomarol-Clotet et al., 2008)....
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...21 List of Abbreviations BACS Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia CAPE-42 Community Assessment of Psychotic Experiences - 42 CATIE Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness CFT Counterfactual Thinking CGI-S Clinical Global Impression Scale – Severity Section CIT Counterfactual Inference Test dlPFC Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex DMN Default Mode Network DSM-III-R Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 3rd ed. revised DSM-IV Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – 4th ed....
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...Another further recent functional imaging key finding in schizophrenia is the one evidencing a failure among these patients to deactivate in the medial frontal area which corresponds to one of the two major midline components of the Default Mode Network (DMN)....
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...Investigators of this field have suggested that DMN dysfunction might account for the cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia due to a failure to divert physiological resources away from the DMN during cognitively demanding tasks (Libby & Ragland, 2011; Pomarol-Clotet et al., 2008a; Whitfield-Gabrieli et al., 2009)....
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...Mental simulation network: engaging regions related to the DMN (Pomarol-Clotet et al., 2008a), this network is activated when mentally deconstructing the present state of affairs –i.e., supporting the core processes for observing and interpreting a situation, mentally altering and re-evaluating....
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...…suggested that DMN dysfunction might account for the cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia due to a failure to divert physiological resources away from the DMN during cognitively demanding tasks (Libby & Ragland, 2011; Pomarol-Clotet et al., 2008a; Whitfield-Gabrieli et al., 2009)....
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5 citations
Cites background from "Failure to deactivate in the prefro..."
...…not only in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia after controlling the memory performance levels of the patients to that of the HC (Pomarol-Clotet et al., 2008; Pomarol-Clotet et al., 2012) but also frequently reported in patients with cognitive impairment such as MCI and AD…...
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References
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"Failure to deactivate in the prefro..." refers methods in this paper
...The behavioural measure used was the signal detection theory index of sensitivity, dk (Green & Swets, 1966)....
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10,708 citations
"Failure to deactivate in the prefro..." refers background or result in this paper
...This interpretation is supported by (a) the spatial correspondence between this area and that identified in studies of the default mode network (e.g. Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001), and (b) the fact that the controls in our study showed deactivation in the same area while performing the n-back task....
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...the inferior parietal cortex and parts of the temporal lobe including the hippocampus), these are thought to constitute a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....
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...…is supported by (a) the spatial correspondence between this area and that identified in studies of the default mode network (e.g. Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001), and (b) the fact that the controls in our study showed deactivation in the same area while performing the n-back task....
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...…a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....
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6,025 citations
"Failure to deactivate in the prefro..." refers background in this paper
...the inferior parietal cortex and parts of the temporal lobe including the hippocampus), these are thought to constitute a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....
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...…a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....
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3,285 citations
"Failure to deactivate in the prefro..." refers background or result in this paper
...Two studies, however, had opposite results to ours : Harrison et al. (2007) found that 12 schizophrenic patients showed greater deactivation of both the anterior and posterior cingulate midline loci than in 14 controls during a task requiring response suppression. Using an auditory oddball task, Garrity et al. (2007) found that 21 patients with schizophrenia showed a complex pattern of abnormality compared to 22 normal controls, but deactivation was increased in the anterior cingulate/ superior medial frontal gyri. The remaining two studies (Bluhm et al. 2007 ; Zhou et al. 2007) focused exclusively on connectivity, and cannot be directly compared with our findings. Of note, Kennedy et al. (2006) have also documented default mode network dysfunction in adult high-functioning autisticspectrum patients, although they found that the failure of deactivation affected both the anterior and posterior midline loci of the network....
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...Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001), and (b) the fact that the controls in our study showed deactivation in the same area while performing the n-back task. Menzies et al. (2007) also interpreted the failure to deactivate they found in schizophrenia in terms of default mode network dysfunction. However, as neither we nor Menzies et al. (2007) set out specifically to examine default mode network function in schizophrenia, such an interpretation should be regarded as provisional....
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...Two studies, however, had opposite results to ours : Harrison et al. (2007) found that 12 schizophrenic patients showed greater deactivation of both the anterior and posterior cingulate midline loci than in 14 controls during a task requiring response suppression. Using an auditory oddball task, Garrity et al. (2007) found that 21 patients with schizophrenia showed a complex pattern of abnormality compared to 22 normal controls, but deactivation was increased in the anterior cingulate/ superior medial frontal gyri....
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...the inferior parietal cortex and parts of the temporal lobe including the hippocampus), these are thought to constitute a ‘default mode network’ that is active at rest or when engaging in ‘stimulus-independent’ thought, but which undergoes a reduction in activity when attentiondemanding goal-directed cognition needs to be undertaken (Gusnard et al. 2001 ; Raichle et al. 2001 ; Greicius et al. 2003 ; Gusnard, 2005)....
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...Gusnard et al. (2001) have also reviewed various lines of evidence that suggest that different parts of the default mode network are involved in gathering information about the world, orienting oneself to salient environmental stimuli, theory of mind and self-representation....
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