Fake News Detection on Social Media: A Data Mining Perspective
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors presented a comprehensive review of detecting fake news on social media, including fake news characterizations on psychology and social theories, existing algorithms from a data mining perspective, evaluation metrics and representative datasets.
Abstract: Social media for news consumption is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, its low cost, easy access, and rapid dissemination of information lead people to seek out and consume news from social media. On the other hand, it enables the wide spread of \fake news", i.e., low quality news with intentionally false information. The extensive spread of fake news has the potential for extremely negative impacts on individuals and society. Therefore, fake news detection on social media has recently become an emerging research that is attracting tremendous attention. Fake news detection on social media presents unique characteristics and challenges that make existing detection algorithms from traditional news media ine ective or not applicable. First, fake news is intentionally written to mislead readers to believe false information, which makes it difficult and nontrivial to detect based on news content; therefore, we need to include auxiliary information, such as user social engagements on social media, to help make a determination. Second, exploiting this auxiliary information is challenging in and of itself as users' social engagements with fake news produce data that is big, incomplete, unstructured, and noisy. Because the issue of fake news detection on social media is both challenging and relevant, we conducted this survey to further facilitate research on the problem. In this survey, we present a comprehensive review of detecting fake news on social media, including fake news characterizations on psychology and social theories, existing algorithms from a data mining perspective, evaluation metrics and representative datasets. We also discuss related research areas, open problems, and future research directions for fake news detection on social media.
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09 Oct 2019
TL;DR: A multi-depth graph convolutional networks framework (M-GCN) is proposed to acquire the representation of each news node via graph embedding and use multi- depth GCN blocks to capture multi-scale information of neighbours and combine them by attention mechanism.
Abstract: Fake news arouses great concern owing to its political and social impacts in recent years. One of the significant challenges of fake news detection is to automatically identify fake news based on limited information. Existing works show that only considering news content and its linguistic features cannot achieve satisfactory performance when the news is short. To improve detection performance with limited information, we focus on incorporating the similarity of news to discriminate different degrees of fakeness. Specifically, we propose a multi-depth graph convolutional networks framework (M-GCN) to (1) acquire the representation of each news node via graph embedding; and (2) use multi-depth GCN blocks to capture multi-scale information of neighbours and combine them by attention mechanism. Experiment results on one of the largest real-world public fake news dataset LIAR demonstrate that the proposed M-GCN outperforms the latest five methods.
20 citations
Proceedings Article•
18 May 2021TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper proposed a knowledge-aware attention network (KAN) that incorporates external knowledge from knowledge graph for fake news detection, which can incorporate both semantic-level and knowledge-level representations of news to detect fake news.
Abstract: The explosive growth of fake news on social media has drawn great concern both from industrial and academic communities. There has been an increasing demand for fake news detection due to its detrimental effects. Generally, news content is condensed and full of knowledge entities. However, existing methods usually focus on the textual contents and social context, and ignore the knowledge-level relationships among news entities. To address this limitation, in this paper, we propose a novel Knowledge-aware Attention Network (KAN) that incorporates external knowledge from knowledge graph for fake news detection. Firstly, we identify entity mentions in news contents and align them with the entities in knowledge graph. Then, the entities and their contexts are used as external knowledge to provide complementary information. Finally, we design News towards Entities (N-E) attention and News towards Entities and Entity Contexts (N-E^2C) attention to measure the importances of knowledge. Thus, our proposed model can incorporate both semantic-level and knowledge-level representations of news to detect fake news. Experimental results on three public datasets show that our model outperforms the state-of-the-art methods, and also validate the effectiveness of knowledge attention.
20 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: Experimental results using Twitter datasets show that the proposed deep two-path semi-supervised learning model can recognize fake news effectively with very few labeled data.
Abstract: News in social media such as Twitter has been generated in high volume and speed. However, very few of them can be labeled (as fake or true news) in a short time. In order to achieve timely detection of fake news in social media, a novel deep two-path semi-supervised learning model is proposed, where one path is for supervised learning and the other is for unsupervised learning. These two paths implemented with convolutional neural networks are jointly optimized to enhance detection performance. In addition, we build a shared convolutional neural networks between these two paths to share the low level features. Experimental results using Twitter datasets show that the proposed model can recognize fake news effectively with very few labeled data.
20 citations
11 Sep 2019
TL;DR: This work proposed an architecture that uses a centralized blockchain on fake news detection process that uses data mining as a consensus algorithm to authenticate the information published on social networks.
Abstract: The electoral period has great importance in any democracy, but nowadays, different groups try to get an advantage in the democratic process by posting fake news on social media networks. The use of data mining technique to identify fake news is on development stage, and there is no holistic solution to this problem yet. In our work, we proposed an architecture that uses a centralized blockchain on fake news detection process. The primary characteristic of our architecture is the use of data mining as a consensus algorithm to authenticate the information published on social networks. Using our architecture is possible to identify fake news, alert readers, punish who dissolves this type of information and reward who publish true information on the network.
20 citations
01 Aug 2021
20 citations
References
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TL;DR: Deep learning is making major advances in solving problems that have resisted the best attempts of the artificial intelligence community for many years, and will have many more successes in the near future because it requires very little engineering by hand and can easily take advantage of increases in the amount of available computation and data.
Abstract: Deep learning allows computational models that are composed of multiple processing layers to learn representations of data with multiple levels of abstraction. These methods have dramatically improved the state-of-the-art in speech recognition, visual object recognition, object detection and many other domains such as drug discovery and genomics. Deep learning discovers intricate structure in large data sets by using the backpropagation algorithm to indicate how a machine should change its internal parameters that are used to compute the representation in each layer from the representation in the previous layer. Deep convolutional nets have brought about breakthroughs in processing images, video, speech and audio, whereas recurrent nets have shone light on sequential data such as text and speech.
46,982 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a critique of expected utility theory as a descriptive model of decision making under risk, and develop an alternative model, called prospect theory, in which value is assigned to gains and losses rather than to final assets and in which probabilities are replaced by decision weights.
Abstract: This paper presents a critique of expected utility theory as a descriptive model of decision making under risk, and develops an alternative model, called prospect theory. Choices among risky prospects exhibit several pervasive effects that are inconsistent with the basic tenets of utility theory. In particular, people underweight outcomes that are merely probable in comparison with outcomes that are obtained with certainty. This tendency, called the certainty effect, contributes to risk aversion in choices involving sure gains and to risk seeking in choices involving sure losses. In addition, people generally discard components that are shared by all prospects under consideration. This tendency, called the isolation effect, leads to inconsistent preferences when the same choice is presented in different forms. An alternative theory of choice is developed, in which value is assigned to gains and losses rather than to final assets and in which probabilities are replaced by decision weights. The value function is normally concave for gains, commonly convex for losses, and is generally steeper for losses than for gains. Decision weights are generally lower than the corresponding probabilities, except in the range of low prob- abilities. Overweighting of low probabilities may contribute to the attractiveness of both insurance and gambling. EXPECTED UTILITY THEORY has dominated the analysis of decision making under risk. It has been generally accepted as a normative model of rational choice (24), and widely applied as a descriptive model of economic behavior, e.g. (15, 4). Thus, it is assumed that all reasonable people would wish to obey the axioms of the theory (47, 36), and that most people actually do, most of the time. The present paper describes several classes of choice problems in which preferences systematically violate the axioms of expected utility theory. In the light of these observations we argue that utility theory, as it is commonly interpreted and applied, is not an adequate descriptive model and we propose an alternative account of choice under risk. 2. CRITIQUE
35,067 citations
27,773 citations
09 Jan 2004
TL;DR: A theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory is presented in this article. But the analysis is limited to the case where the salient dimensions of the intergroup differentiation are those involving scarce resources.
Abstract: This chapter presents an outline of a theory of intergroup conflict and some preliminary data relating to the theory. Much of the work on the social psychology of intergroup relations has focused on patterns of individual prejudices and discrimination and on the motivational sequences of interpersonal interaction. The intensity of explicit intergroup conflicts of interests is closely related in human cultures to the degree of opprobrium attached to the notion of "renegade" or "traitor." The basic and highly reliable finding is that the trivial, ad hoc intergroup categorization leads to in-group favoritism and discrimination against the out-group. Many orthodox definitions of "social groups" are unduly restrictive when applied to the context of intergroup relations. The equation of social competition and intergroup conflict rests on the assumptions concerning an "ideal type" of social stratification in which the salient dimensions of intergroup differentiation are those involving scarce resources.
14,812 citations
TL;DR: Cumulative prospect theory as discussed by the authors applies to uncertain as well as to risky prospects with any number of outcomes, and it allows different weighting functions for gains and for losses, and two principles, diminishing sensitivity and loss aversion, are invoked to explain the characteristic curvature of the value function and the weighting function.
Abstract: We develop a new version of prospect theory that employs cumulative rather than separable decision weights and extends the theory in several respects. This version, called cumulative prospect theory, applies to uncertain as well as to risky prospects with any number of outcomes, and it allows different weighting functions for gains and for losses. Two principles, diminishing sensitivity and loss aversion, are invoked to explain the characteristic curvature of the value function and the weighting functions. A review of the experimental evidence and the results of a new experiment confirm a distinctive fourfold pattern of risk attitudes: risk aversion for gains and risk seeking for losses of high probability; risk seeking for gains and risk aversion for losses of low probability. Expected utility theory reigned for several decades as the dominant normative and descriptive model of decision making under uncertainty, but it has come under serious question in recent years. There is now general agreement that the theory does not provide an adequate description of individual choice: a substantial body of evidence shows that decision makers systematically violate its basic tenets. Many alternative models have been proposed in response to this empirical challenge (for reviews, see Camerer, 1989; Fishburn, 1988; Machina, 1987). Some time ago we presented a model of choice, called prospect theory, which explained the major violations of expected utility theory in choices between risky prospects with a small number of outcomes (Kahneman and Tversky, 1979; Tversky and Kahneman, 1986). The key elements of this theory are 1) a value function that is concave for gains, convex for losses, and steeper for losses than for gains,
13,433 citations