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Journal ArticleDOI

Family hardiness, social support, and self-efficacy in mothers of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders §

01 Nov 2013-Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders (Elsevier)-Vol. 7, Iss: 11, pp 1310-1317
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined family hardiness, perceived social support and parent self-efficacy as predictors of family distress in 138 mothers of individuals with ASD, 4-41 years of age.
About: This article is published in Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders.The article was published on 2013-11-01 and is currently open access. It has received 127 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Distress & Social support.
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A need for expanded research on ASD and parenting stress, coping, and resilience in the SEA region especially in Cambodia, East Timor, Laos, and Myanmar is suggested.
Abstract: Background: This paper aimed to review the literature on the factors associated with parenting stress and resilience among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the South East Asia (SEA) region. Methods: An extensive search of articles in multiple online databases (PsycNET, ProQuest, PudMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) resulted in 28 papers that met the inclusion criteria (i.e., conducted in the SEA region, specific to ASD only, published in a peer-reviewed journal, full text in English). Studies found were conducted in the following countries: Brunei, n = 1; Indonesia, n = 2; Malaysia, n = 12; Philippines, n = 5; Singapore, n = 5, Thailand, n = 2; and Vietnam, n = 1, but none from Cambodia, East Timor, Laos, and Myanmar were identified. Results: Across the studies, six main factors were found to be associated with parenting stress: social support, severity of autism symptoms, financial difficulty, parents' perception and understanding toward ASD, parents' anxiety and worries about their child's future, and religious beliefs. These six factors could also be categorized as either a source of parenting stress or a coping strategy/resilience mechanism that may attenuate parenting stress. Conclusion: The findings suggest that greater support services in Western countries may underlie the cultural differences observed in the SEA region. Limitations in the current review were identified. The limited number of studies yielded from the search suggests a need for expanded research on ASD and parenting stress, coping, and resilience in the SEA region especially in Cambodia, East Timor, Laos, and Myanmar. The identified stress and resilience factors may serve as sociocultural markers for clinicians, psychologists, and other professionals to consider when supporting parents of children with ASD.

112 citations


Cites background or result from "Family hardiness, social support, a..."

  • ...…of children with ASD to successfully cope with their higher levels of stress (e.g., Tehee et al., 2009; Ekas et al., 2010; Lovell et al., 2012; Weiss et al., 2013); including the importance to gain easy access to and support frommental health professionals (e.g., Mackintosh et al., 2012;…...

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  • ...Studies have additionally documented the critical role that social support plays in aiding parents of children with ASD to successfully cope with their higher levels of stress (e.g., Tehee et al., 2009; Ekas et al., 2010; Lovell et al., 2012; Weiss et al., 2013); including the importance to gain easy access to and support frommental health professionals (e....

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  • ...…(e.g., Herring et al., 2006; Ekas et al., 2010; Ingersoll and Hambrick, 2011; Lovell et al., 2012; Mackintosh et al., 2012; Estes et al., 2013; Weiss et al., 2013; Rivard et al., 2014; Vohra et al., 2014; Zablotsky et al., 2014; Thomas et al., 2016), particularly in regards to social support,…...

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  • ...To a certain extent, findings from this review are comparable to that yielded from the Western context (e.g., Herring et al., 2006; Ekas et al., 2010; Ingersoll and Hambrick, 2011; Lovell et al., 2012; Mackintosh et al., 2012; Estes et al., 2013; Weiss et al., 2013; Rivard et al., 2014; Vohra et al., 2014; Zablotsky et al., 2014; Thomas et al., 2016), particularly in regards to social support, severity of autism symptoms, and financial difficulties....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is confirmed that parents of children with ASD carry a huge caregiving burden, and the findings may help inform the design of effective interventions aimed at reducing burden among the parents ofChildren with ASD.
Abstract: Background The effects of having a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) on parents are multifaceted and pervasive. While ample evidence has been provided that these families are under severe stress, there are still several knowledge gaps and unresolved questions. Objective This study aimed at quantifying the subjective and objective burden of ASD in mothers and fathers, and at improving the understanding of the interplay between parental burden, child's characteristics, and parents' coping resources and strategies. Methods The parents of 359 children/adolescents with ASD were compared to parents of age-matched patients with Down syndrome (N=145) and Type 1 diabetes mellitus (N=155). Child's clinical characteristics and parents' caregiving burden, psychological distress, coping resources and strategies were assessed. Results The parents of children with ASD reported higher objective and subjective burden, more frequent psychological distress, lower social support. Mothers reported greater subjective burden than fathers. Structural equation modeling showed that the most consistent positive and negative predictors of objective and subjective burden were ASD symptom severity and social support, respectively. Other positive predictors were engagement, distraction and disengagement coping, intellectual disability, and adaptive functioning. Other negative predictors were spiritual wellbeing and hardiness. Some effects were indirect through social support and coping strategies. Conclusion This study confirmed that parents of children with ASD carry a huge caregiving burden, and added to our understanding of the factors associated with burden. The findings may help inform the design of effective interventions aimed at reducing burden among the parents of children with ASD.

90 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results indicated that use of different coping strategies at times moderated the effects of child behavior on maternal adjustment, and increased use of cognitive reframing was linked to improved maternal outcomes.
Abstract: Utilizing a cohort sequential design and multilevel modeling on a sample of 113 mothers, the effects of four coping strategies (engagement, disengagement, distraction, and cognitive reframing) on multiple measures of maternal adjustment were assessed over a 7 years period when children with autism spectrum disorders in the study were approximately 7–14 years old. Findings indicated increased use of disengagement and distraction to be related to increased maternal maladjustment over time, while increased use of cognitive reframing was linked to improved maternal outcomes (findings regarding engagement’s effects on adjustment measures were mixed). In addition, results indicated that use of different coping strategies at times moderated the effects of child behavior on maternal adjustment. Study findings are discussed in light of prior research and study limitations and clinical implications are highlighted.

79 citations


Cites background from "Family hardiness, social support, a..."

  • ...…Carter 2006: 565), has been shown to be a key factor promoting positive parenting practices and emotional wellbeing among both parents of typically developing children (for a review, see Jones and Prinz 2005) and children with ASD (Hastings and Brown 2002; Kuhn and Carter 2006; Weiss et al. 2013)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare parental stress, coping strategies and social support perceived in families of children with low-functioning autism (n = 8), high functioning autism, Down syndrome, and typically developing children.
Abstract: The aim of this research was to compare parental stress, coping strategies and social support perceived in families of children with low functioning autism (n = 8), high functioning autism (n = 10), Down syndrome (n = 12) and parents of typically developing children (n = 20). Specifically, the objective was to investigate which variables (coping strategies and perception of social support available) might better predict different stress outcomes in the four groups. Parents were asked to fill in three questionnaires: Parent Stress Index, Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced and Social Support Questionnaire. Significant differences among groups in all of the variables considered were found. These results suggest the advisability of fostering functional coping strategies and social support received in families of children with disabilities, and especially in those with children with low functioning autism.

71 citations


Cites background from "Family hardiness, social support, a..."

  • ...These findings support the evidence that it is the quality of such support, rather than the quantity available, which is important (Smith, Greenberg, & Seltzer, 2012; Weiss et al., 2013)....

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  • ...Future research could examine how to work with informal social networks of parents of children with autism to help them to be available and offer meaningful support (Weiss et al., 2013)....

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  • ...examine how to work with informal social networks of parents of children with autism to help them to be available and offer meaningful support (Weiss et al., 2013)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The social networks of people with ID and ASD are more restricted than those of the reference group and people with ASD are less often satisfied with their networks.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the similarities and differences in social network characteristics, satisfaction and wishes with respect to the social network between people with mild or borderline intellectual disabilities (ID), people with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and a reference group. Data were gathered from 105 young adults living independently in the community. The social networks of people with ID and ASD are more restricted than those of the reference group. Compared with the other groups, people with ASD are less often satisfied with their networks. Each group has its own characteristics, issues and wishes with respect to their social network. Practical measures to enable professionals to adapt to these issues are discussed.

67 citations


Cites background from "Family hardiness, social support, a..."

  • ...…(e.g., Bauminger et al. 2008; Bauminger and Kasari 2000; Kasari et al. 2011) and adolescents (e.g., Lasgaard, et al. 2010; Locke et al. 2010; Whitehouse et al. 2009), or on social support of the parents of children with ASD (e.g., Ekas et al. 2010; Siman-Tov and Kaniel 2011; Weiss et al. 2013)....

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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article seeks to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ, and delineates the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena.
Abstract: In this article, we attempt to distinguish between the properties of moderator and mediator variables at a number of levels. First, we seek to make theorists and researchers aware of the importance of not using the terms moderator and mediator interchangeably by carefully elaborating, both conceptually and strategically, the many ways in which moderators and mediators differ. We then go beyond this largely pedagogical function and delineate the conceptual and strategic implications of making use of such distinctions with regard to a wide range of phenomena, including control and stress, attitudes, and personality traits. We also provide a specific compendium of analytic procedures appropriate for making the most effective use of the moderator and mediator distinction, both separately and in terms of a broader causal system that includes both moderators and mediators.

80,095 citations


"Family hardiness, social support, a..." refers background or methods in this paper

  • ...We view a mediator as a variable that accounts for the relations between a predictor and the outcome(s) (Baron & Kenny, 1986)....

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  • ...We used a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to help identify the relative contributions of social support and self-efficacy in explaining hardiness (see Baron & Kenny, 1986; Preacher, Rucker, & Hayes, 2007 for a discussion of mediators)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an integrative theoretical framework to explain and predict psychological changes achieved by different modes of treatment, including enactive, vicarious, exhortative, and emotive sources.

16,833 citations


"Family hardiness, social support, a..." refers background in this paper

  • ...Parent self-efficacy is broadly defined as an individual’s self-appraisal of competency in a parenting role (Bandura, 1977; Coleman & Karraker, 1998)....

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aims behind the development of the lavaan package are explained, an overview of its most important features are given, and some examples to illustrate how lavaan works in practice are provided.
Abstract: Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a vast field and widely used by many applied researchers in the social and behavioral sciences. Over the years, many software packages for structural equation modeling have been developed, both free and commercial. However, perhaps the best state-of-the-art software packages in this field are still closed-source and/or commercial. The R package lavaan has been developed to provide applied researchers, teachers, and statisticians, a free, fully open-source, but commercial-quality package for latent variable modeling. This paper explains the aims behind the development of the package, gives an overview of its most important features, and provides some examples to illustrate how lavaan works in practice.

14,401 citations


"Family hardiness, social support, a..." refers methods in this paper

  • ..._2)TD$FIG] J.A. Weiss et al. / Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 7 (2013) 1310–13171314 lavaan package (Rosseel, 2012) and bootstrapped standard error estimates were computed to account for potential deviation from multivariate normality and for the known normality problems when testing defined…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors outline a framework for a science of positive psychology, point to gaps in the authors' knowledge, and predict that the next century will see a science and profession that will come to understand and build the factors that allow individuals, communities, and societies to flourish.
Abstract: A science of positive subjective experience, positive individual traits, and positive institutions promises to improve quality of life and prevent the pathologies that arise when life is barren and meaningless, The exclusive focus on pathology that has dominated so much of our discipline results in a model of the human being lacking the positive features that make life worth living. Hope, wisdom, creativity, future mindedness, courage, spirituality, responsibility, and perseverance are ignored or explained as transformations of more authentic negative impulses. The 15 articles in this millennial issue of the American Psychologist discuss such issues as what enables happiness, the effects of autonomy and self-regulation, how optimism and hope affect health, what constitutes wisdom, and how talent and creativity come to fruition. The authors outline a framework for a science of positive psychology, point to gaps in our knowledge, and predict that the next century will see a science and profession that will come to understand and build the factors that allow individuals, communities, and societies to flourish.

12,650 citations


"Family hardiness, social support, a..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...Following suit of Positive Psychology, with an emphasis on positive aspects of mental health and wellbeing (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000), the identification of positive elements that contribute to family resilience allows for a broader understanding of the complex processes and mechanisms…...

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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For comments on an earlier draft of this chapter and for detailed advice I am indebted to Robert M. Hauser, Halliman H. Winsborough, Toni Richards, several anonymous reviewers, and the editor of this volume as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: For comments on an earlier draft of this chapter and for detailed advice I am indebted to Robert M. Hauser, Halliman H. Winsborough, and Toni Richards, several anonymous reviewers, and the editor of this volume. I also wish to thank John Raisian, Nancy Rytina, and Barbara Mann for their comments and Mark Wilson for able research assistance. The opinions expressed here are the sole responsibility of the author.

11,160 citations


"Family hardiness, social support, a..." refers methods in this paper

  • ...This product coefficient is then compared either to a ‘delta method’ derived standard error (equivalent to the traditional statistic proposed by Sobel, 1982) or, often more appropriately due to the nature of product variables, to a bootstrapped standard error estimate (MacKinnon, 2008)....

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