Fast modulation of visual perception by basal forebrain cholinergic neurons
01 Oct 2013-
About: The article was published on 2013-10-01 and is currently open access. It has received 354 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Cholinergic neuron & Basal forebrain.
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TL;DR: By taking fluctuations in state into account, neural response (co)variability is significantly reduced, revealing the brain to be more reliable and predictable than previously thought.
632 citations
TL;DR: These findings suggest complementary roles of arousal and locomotion in promoting functional flexibility in cortical circuits and that arousal suppressed spontaneous firing and strongly altered the temporal patterning of population activity.
629 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that rapid variations in cortical state during wakefulness are highly correlated with fluctuations in the activity of corticopetal noradrenergic and cholinergic projections.
Abstract: Rapid variations in cortical state during wakefulness have a strong influence on neural and behavioural responses and are tightly coupled to changes in pupil size across species. However, the physiological processes linking cortical state and pupil variations are largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that these rapid variations, during both quiet waking and locomotion, are highly correlated with fluctuations in the activity of corticopetal noradrenergic and cholinergic projections. Rapid dilations of the pupil are tightly associated with phasic activity in noradrenergic axons, whereas longer-lasting dilations of the pupil, such as during locomotion, are accompanied by sustained activity in cholinergic axons. Thus, the pupil can be used to sensitively track the activity in multiple neuromodulatory transmitter systems as they control the state of the waking brain.
628 citations
TL;DR: Pupillometry has been used to index attention and mental effort in humans, but the intracellular dynamics and differences in population activity underlying the quiescent periods between bouts of exploratory behaviors were previously unknown.
611 citations
TL;DR: A cortical physiological signature of the classically observed inverted-U relationship between task performance and arousal is revealed and it is revealed that optimal detection exhibits enhanced sensory-evoked responses and reduced background synaptic activity.
603 citations
References
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31 Jul 2001
TL;DR: The 3rd edition of this atlas is now in more practical 14"x11" format for convenient lab use and includes a CD of all plates and diagrams, as well as Adobe Illustrator files of the diagrams, and a variety of additional useful material.
Abstract: "The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates" is the most widely used and cited atlas of the mouse brain in print. It provides researchers and students with both accurate stereotaxic coordinates for laboratory use, and detailed delineations and indexing of structures for reference. The accompanying DVD provides drawings of brains structures that can be used as templates for making figures for publication. The 3rd edition is both a major revision and an expansion of previous editions. Delineations and photographs in the horizontal plane of section now complement the coronal and sagittal series, and all the tissue sections are now shown in high resolution digital color photography. The photographs of the sections and the intermediate sections are also provided on the accompanying DVD in high-resolution JP 2000 format. The delineations of structures have been revised, and naming conventions made consistent with Paxinos and Watson's "Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates, 6th Edition". The 3rd edition of this atlas is now in more practical 14"x11" format for convenient lab use. This edition is in full color throughout. It includes a CD of all plates and diagrams, as well as Adobe Illustrator files of the diagrams, and a variety of additional useful material. Coronal and sagittal diagrams are completely reworked and updated. Rhombomeric borders are included in sagittal figures, for the first time in mammals. Microscopic plates are scanned with a new method in much higher quality.
15,681 citations
TL;DR: The ability of psychophysical observers and single cortical neurons to discriminate weak motion signals in a stochastic visual display is compared and psychophysical decisions in this task are likely to be based upon a relatively small number of neural signals.
Abstract: We compared the ability of psychophysical observers and single cortical neurons to discriminate weak motion signals in a stochastic visual display. All data were obtained from rhesus monkeys trained to perform a direction discrimination task near psychophysical threshold. The conditions for such a comparison were ideal in that both psychophysical and physiological data were obtained in the same animals, on the same sets of trials, and using the same visual display. In addition, the psychophysical task was tailored in each experiment to the physiological properties of the neuron under study; the visual display was matched to each neuron's preference for size, speed, and direction of motion. Under these conditions, the sensitivity of most MT neurons was very similar to the psychophysical sensitivity of the animal observers. In fact, the responses of single neurons typically provided a satisfactory account of both absolute psychophysical threshold and the shape of the psychometric function relating performance to the strength of the motion signal. Thus, psychophysical decisions in our task are likely to be based upon a relatively small number of neural signals. These signals could be carried by a small number of neurons if the responses of the pooled neurons are statistically independent. Alternatively, the signals may be carried by a much larger pool of neurons if their responses are partially intercorrelated.
1,939 citations
TL;DR: This formulation is consistent with a wealth of physiological, pharmacological, and behavioral data implicating acetylcholine and norepinephrine in specific aspects of a range of cognitive processes and suggests a class of attentional cueing tasks that involve both neuromodulators and how their interactions may be part-antagonistic, part-synergistic.
1,522 citations
TL;DR: The response properties of neurons in primary visual cortex of awake mice that were allowed to run on a freely rotating spherical treadmill with their heads fixed demonstrated powerful cell-type-specific modulation of visual processing by behavioral state in awake mice.
1,326 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that episodic electrical stimulation of the nucleus basalis, paired with an auditory stimulus, results in a massive progressive reorganization of the primary auditory cortex in the adult rat, suggesting that input characteristics may be able to drive appropriate alterations of receptive fields independently of explicit knowledge of the task.
Abstract: Little is known about the mechanisms that allow the cortex to selectively improve the neural representations of behaviorally important stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli. Diffuse neuromodulatory systems may facilitate cortical plasticity by acting as teachers to mark important stimuli. This study demonstrates that episodic electrical stimulation of the nucleus basalis, paired with an auditory stimulus, results in a massive progressive reorganization of the primary auditory cortex in the adult rat. Receptive field sizes can be narrowed, broadened, or left unaltered depending on specific parameters of the acoustic stimulus paired with nucleus basalis activation. This differential plasticity parallels the receptive field remodeling that results from different types of behavioral training. This result suggests that input characteristics may be able to drive appropriate alterations of receptive fields independently of explicit knowledge of the task. These findings also suggest that the basal forebrain plays an active instructional role in representational plasticity.
1,187 citations