Fast pyrolysis processes for biomass
TL;DR: Fast pyrolysis for production of liquids has developed considerably since the first experiments in the late 1970s as mentioned in this paper, leading to significant advances in process development and a wide range of reactor configurations that have been developed to meet the stringent requirements for high yields of useful liquids, for use as a fuel in boilers, engines and turbines and as a source of chemical commodities.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis for production of liquids has developed considerably since the first experiments in the late 1970s. Many reactors and processes have been investigated and developed to the point where fast pyrolysis is now an accepted feasible and viable route to renewable liquid fuels, chemicals and derived products. It is also now clear that liquid products offer significant advantages in storage and transport over gas and heat. These advantages have caused greater attention to be paid to fast pyrolysis, leading to significant advances in process development. The technology of fast pyrolysis for liquids is noteworthy for the wide range of reactor configurations that have been developed to meet the stringent requirements for high yields of useful liquids, for use as a fuel in boilers, engines and turbines and as a source of chemical commodities. This review summarizes the key features of fast pyrolysis and the resultant liquid product and describes the major reaction systems and processes that have been developed over the last 20 years.
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TL;DR: Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056 4.1.
Abstract: 1.0. Introduction 4044 2.0. Biomass Chemistry and Growth Rates 4047 2.1. Lignocellulose and Starch-Based Plants 4047 2.2. Triglyceride-Producing Plants 4049 2.3. Algae 4050 2.4. Terpenes and Rubber-Producing Plants 4052 3.0. Biomass Gasification 4052 3.1. Gasification Chemistry 4052 3.2. Gasification Reactors 4054 3.3. Supercritical Gasification 4054 3.4. Solar Gasification 4055 3.5. Gas Conditioning 4055 4.0. Syn-Gas Utilization 4056 4.1. Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056
7,067 citations
TL;DR: A review of the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrotechnics, can be found in this paper.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis utilizes biomass to produce a product that is used both as an energy source and a feedstock for chemical production. Considerable efforts have been made to convert wood biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals since the oil crisis in mid-1970s. This review focuses on the recent developments in the wood pyrolysis and reports the characteristics of the resulting bio-oils, which are the main products of fast wood pyrolysis. Virtually any form of biomass can be considered for fast pyrolysis. Most work has been performed on wood, because of its consistency and comparability between tests. However, nearly 100 types of biomass have been tested, ranging from agricultural wastes such as straw, olive pits, and nut shells to energy crops such as miscanthus and sorghum. Forestry wastes such as bark and thinnings and other solid wastes, including sewage sludge and leather wastes, have also been studied. In this review, the main (although not exclusive) emphasis has been given to wood. The literature on woo...
4,988 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed scientific and technical developments in applications of bio-oil to date and concluded with some suggestions for research and strategic developments, and concluded that biooil is a renewable liquid fuel and can also be used for production of chemicals.
Abstract: Fast pyrolysis of biomass is one of the most recent renewable energy processes to have been introduced. It offers the advantages of a liquid product, bio-oil that can be readily stored and transported. Bio-oil is a renewable liquid fuel and can also be used for production of chemicals. Fast pyrolysis has now achieved a commercial success for production of chemicals and is being actively developed for producing liquid fuels. Bio-oils have been successfully tested in engines, turbines, and boilers, and have been upgraded to high-quality hydrocarbon fuels, although at a presently unacceptable energetic and financial cost. The paper critically reviews scientific and technical developments in applications of bio-oil to date and concludes with some suggestions for research and strategic developments.
2,672 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of thermal conversion processes and particularly the reactors that have been developed to provide the necessary conditions to optimise performance is presented, and the main technical and non-technical barriers to implementation are identified.
1,760 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a description of the emerging biorefinery concept, in comparison with the current oil refinery, as well as discussion of the most important biomass feedstocks, conversion technologies and final products.
1,754 citations
References
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TL;DR: Application de la spectrometrie de masse a faisceau a l'etude des mecanismes moleculaires de la pyrolyse du bois and de ses principaux constituants (cellulose, lignine et hemicellulose).
Abstract: Application de la spectrometrie de masse a faisceau a l'etude des mecanismes moleculaires de la pyrolyse du bois et de ses principaux constituants (cellulose, lignine et hemicellulose)
873 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the technologies of gasification, pyrolysis and liquefaction of biomass with particular reference to the use of catalysts, and use catalytic processes in upgrading primary products from thermochemical conversion to higher quality and value fuels and chemicals.
Abstract: The potential offered by biomass and solid wastes for solving some of the world's energy problems is widely recognised. The energy in biomass may be realised either by direct use as in combustion, or by upgrading into a more valuable and usable fuel such as fuel gas, fuel oil, transport fuel or higher value products for the chemical industry. This paper is concerned with conversion and upgrading by thermochemical conversion. It briefly describes the technologies of gasification, pyrolysis and liquefaction of biomass with particular reference to the use of catalysts. In addition, the use of catalytic processes in upgrading primary products from thermochemical conversion to higher quality and value fuels and chemicals is included.
469 citations
"Fast pyrolysis processes for biomas..." refers background in this paper
...Two routes to transport fuels are possible [152]Ðhydrotreating/hydrocracking to a naphtha-like product with upgrading to diesel [153,154]; or zeolite cracking to aromatics [155]....
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01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, Wood and biomass ultrastructure, Cellulose, hemicellulose and extractives, Lignin, pretreatment of biomass for thermochemical biomass conversion, a kinetic isotope effect in the thermal dehydration of cellobiose; Gasification and liquefaction of forest products in supercritical water; Thermochemical fractionation and liquifaction of wood; The pyrolysis and gasification of wood in molten hydroxide eutectics.
Abstract: The contents of this book are: Wood and biomass ultrastructure; Cellulose, hemicellulose and extractives; Lignin; Pretreatment of biomass for thermochemical biomass conversion; A kinetic isotope effect in the thermal dehydration of cellobiose; Gasification and liquefaction of forest products in supercritical water; Thermochemical fractionation and liquefaction of wood; The pyrolysis and gasification of wood in molten hydroxide eutectics; Influence of alkali carbonates on biomass volatilization; Flash pyrolysis of biomass with reactive and non-reactive gases; Pyrolytic reactions and biomass; Product formation in the pyrolysis of large wood particles; The pyrolysis under vacuum of aspen poplar; Simulation of kraft lignin pyrolysis; and Kinetics of wood gasification by carbon dioxide and steam.
402 citations
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an analysis and characterisation of pyrolysis liquid and demonstrate its performance in the laboratory and in the real world using pilot and demonstrator demonstrations.
Abstract: Volume One: Preface. Acknowledgements. Pyrolysis: Overview. Fundamentals. Laboratory Experimentation. Pilot and Demonstration. Analysis and Characterisation of Pyrolysis Liquids. Combustion of Pyrolysis Liquid. Chemicals from Pyrolysis Liquid. Upgrading Pyrolysis Products. Pretreatment. Volume Two: Preface. Acknowledgements. Gasification: Fundamentals. Laboratory Experimentation. Pilot and Demonstration. Commercial. Upgrading. Combustion: Overview. Fundamentals. Pilot and Demonstration. Environment. System Studies. Workshps. Author Index. Subject Index.
380 citations
TL;DR: In this article, pyrolysis temperatures up to 720 °C and at heating rates between 5 and 80 °C min−1 were used to determine the composition and properties of the derived gases and oils.
331 citations