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Faster R-CNN: Towards Real-Time Object Detection with Region Proposal Networks

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TLDR
Faster R-CNN as discussed by the authors proposes a Region Proposal Network (RPN) to generate high-quality region proposals, which are used by Fast R-NN for detection.
Abstract
State-of-the-art object detection networks depend on region proposal algorithms to hypothesize object locations. Advances like SPPnet and Fast R-CNN have reduced the running time of these detection networks, exposing region proposal computation as a bottleneck. In this work, we introduce a Region Proposal Network (RPN) that shares full-image convolutional features with the detection network, thus enabling nearly cost-free region proposals. An RPN is a fully convolutional network that simultaneously predicts object bounds and objectness scores at each position. The RPN is trained end-to-end to generate high-quality region proposals, which are used by Fast R-CNN for detection. We further merge RPN and Fast R-CNN into a single network by sharing their convolutional features---using the recently popular terminology of neural networks with 'attention' mechanisms, the RPN component tells the unified network where to look. For the very deep VGG-16 model, our detection system has a frame rate of 5fps (including all steps) on a GPU, while achieving state-of-the-art object detection accuracy on PASCAL VOC 2007, 2012, and MS COCO datasets with only 300 proposals per image. In ILSVRC and COCO 2015 competitions, Faster R-CNN and RPN are the foundations of the 1st-place winning entries in several tracks. Code has been made publicly available.

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Citations
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You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection

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Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks

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MobileNets: Efficient Convolutional Neural Networks for Mobile Vision Applications

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Mask R-CNN

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References
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Book ChapterDOI

Microsoft COCO: Common Objects in Context

TL;DR: A new dataset with the goal of advancing the state-of-the-art in object recognition by placing the question of object recognition in the context of the broader question of scene understanding by gathering images of complex everyday scenes containing common objects in their natural context.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation

TL;DR: The key insight is to build “fully convolutional” networks that take input of arbitrary size and produce correspondingly-sized output with efficient inference and learning.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Rich Feature Hierarchies for Accurate Object Detection and Semantic Segmentation

TL;DR: RCNN as discussed by the authors combines CNNs with bottom-up region proposals to localize and segment objects, and when labeled training data is scarce, supervised pre-training for an auxiliary task, followed by domain-specific fine-tuning, yields a significant performance boost.
Journal ArticleDOI

The Pascal Visual Object Classes (VOC) Challenge

TL;DR: The state-of-the-art in evaluated methods for both classification and detection are reviewed, whether the methods are statistically different, what they are learning from the images, and what the methods find easy or confuse.
Proceedings Article

Rectified Linear Units Improve Restricted Boltzmann Machines

TL;DR: Restricted Boltzmann machines were developed using binary stochastic hidden units that learn features that are better for object recognition on the NORB dataset and face verification on the Labeled Faces in the Wild dataset.
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