Fate of endocrine-disruptor, pharmaceutical, and personal care product chemicals during simulated drinking water treatment processes.
04 Aug 2005-Environmental Science & Technology (American Chemical Society)-Vol. 39, Iss: 17, pp 6649-6663
TL;DR: Conventional treatment would have low removal of many EDC/PPCPs, while addition of PAC and/or ozone could substantially improve their removals, and existing strategies that predict relative removal of herbicides, pesticides, and other organic pollutants can be directly applied.
Abstract: The potential occurrence of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) as well as pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in drinking water supplies raises concern over the removal of these compounds by common drinking water treatment processes. Three drinking water supplies were spiked with 10 to 250 ng/L of 62 different EDC/PPCPs; one model water containing an NOM isolate was spiked with 49 different EDC/PPCPs. Compounds were detected by LC/MS/MS or GC/MS/MS. These test waters were subjected to bench-scale experimentation to simulate individual treatment processes in a water treatment plant (WTP). Aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride coagulants or chemical lime softening removed some polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) but removed 98% of GC/MS/MS compounds (more volatile) and 10% to >95% of LC/MS/MS compounds (more polar); higher PAC dosages improved EDC/PPCP removal. EDC/PPCP per...
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TL;DR: This review provides a summary of the recent occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment including sewage, surface water, groundwater and drinking water.
2,933 citations
Cites background from "Fate of endocrine-disruptor, pharma..."
...Westerhoff et al. (2005) revealed that micropollutant removal was improved with higher PAC dosages (20 mg/L) and independent of the initial compound concentrations....
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...Furthermore, drinking water treatment plays a significant role in eliminating micropollutants from drinking water and has therefore been comprehensively examined (Stackelberg et al., 2004 and Westerhoff et al., 2005)....
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TL;DR: This is the first comprehensive study which demonstrates an alarming usage and emission of various antibiotics in China and the bacterial resistance rates in the hospitals and aquatic environments were found to be related to the PECs and antibiotic usages, especially for those antibiotics used in the most recent period.
Abstract: Antibiotics are widely used in humans and animals, but there is a big concern about their negative impacts on ecosystem and human health after use. So far there is a lack of information on emission inventory and environmental fate of antibiotics in China. We studied national consumption, emissions, and multimedia fate of 36 frequently detected antibiotics in China by market survey, data analysis, and level III fugacity modeling tools. Based on our survey, the total usage for the 36 chemicals was 92700 tons in 2013, an estimated 54000 tons of the antibiotics was excreted by human and animals, and eventually 53800 tons of them entered into the receiving environment following various wastewater treatments. The fugacity model successfully predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) in all 58 river basins of China, which are comparable to the reported measured environmental concentrations (MECs) available in some basins. The bacterial resistance rates in the hospitals and aquatic environments were found to b...
2,651 citations
TL;DR: The aim of the present paper is to critically review the fate and removal of various antibiotics in wastewater treatment, focusing on different processes (i.e. biological processes, advanced treatment technologies and disinfection) in view of the current concerns related to the induction of toxic effects in aquatic and terrestrial organisms.
1,516 citations
Cites background from "Fate of endocrine-disruptor, pharma..."
...The removal of antibiotics by activated carbon has been reported during wastewater treatment in some studies (Adams et al., 2002; Westerhoff et al., 2005; Putra et al., 2009; Rivera-Utrilla et al., 2009; McArdell et al., 2011; Boehler et al., 2012)....
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...The removal of antibiotics by activated carbon has been reported during wastewater treatment in some studies (Adams et al., 2002; Westerhoff et al., 2005; Putra et al., 2009; Rivera-Utrilla et al., 2009; McArdell et al., 2011; Boehler et al., 2012)....
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...Westerhoff et al., 2005 Sulfamethazine Missouri River water (Jefferson City)....
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...Westerhoff et al., 2005 Erythromycin & Erythromycin-H2O Hospital wastewater after treatment with MBR 10 ng L 1 PAC Norit SAE Super, PAC retention time ¼ 2 days, dose ¼ 8e43 mg L 1, contact time ¼ 3e5 days PAC dose ¼ 8 mg L 1 (>95...
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...Westerhoff et al., 2005 Missouri River water (Jefferson City)....
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TL;DR: Atenolol, atrazine, DEET, estrone, meprobamate, and trimethoprim can serve as indicator compounds representing potential contamination from other pharmaceuticals and EDCs and can gauge the efficacy of treatment processes.
Abstract: The drinking water for more than 28 million people was screened for a diverse group of pharmaceuticals, potential endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), and other unregulated organic contaminants. Source water, finished drinking water, and distribution system (tap) water from 19 U.S. water utilities was analyzed for 51 compounds between 2006 and 2007. The 11 most frequently detected compounds were atenolol, atrazine, carbamazepine, estrone, gemfibrozil, meprobamate, naproxen, phenytoin, sulfamethoxazole, TCEP, and trimethoprim. Median concentrations of these compounds were less than 10 ng/L, except for sulfamethoxazole in source water (12 ng/L), TCEP in source water (120 ng/L), and atrazine in source, finished, and distribution system water (32, 49, and 49 ng/L). Atrazine was detected in source waters far removed from agricultural application where wastewater was the only known source of organic contaminants. The occurrence of compounds in finished drinking water was controlled by the type of chemical oxi...
1,481 citations
TL;DR: The ecotoxicological studies of both drugs imply that they do not easily cause acute toxic effects at their environmental concentrations, however their chronic effects need cautious attention.
1,306 citations
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TL;DR: This review attempts to synthesize the literature on environmental origin, distribution/occurrence, and effects and to catalyze a more focused discussion in the environmental science community.
Abstract: During the last three decades, the impact of chemical pollution has focused almost exclusively on the conventional "priority" pollutants, especially those acutely toxic/carcinogenic pesticides and industrial intermediates displaying persistence in the environment. This spectrum of chemicals, however, is only one piece of the larger puzzle in "holistic" risk assessment. Another diverse group of bioactive chemicals receiving comparatively little attention as potential environmental pollutants includes the pharmaceuticals and active ingredients in personal care products (in this review collectively termed PPCPs), both human and veterinary, including not just prescription drugs and biologics, but also diagnostic agents, "nutraceuticals," fragrances, sun-screen agents, and numerous others. These compounds and their bioactive metabolites can be continually introduced to the aquatic environment as complex mixtures via a number of routes but primarily by both untreated and treated sewage. Aquatic pollution is particularly troublesome because aquatic organisms are captive to continual life-cycle, multigenerational exposure. The possibility for continual but undetectable or unnoticed effects on aquatic organisms is particularly worrisome because effects could accumulate so slowly that major change goes undetected until the cumulative level of these effects finally cascades to irreversible change--change that would otherwise be attributed to natural adaptation or ecologic succession. As opposed to the conventional, persistent priority pollutants, PPCPs need not be persistent if they are continually introduced to surface waters, even at low parts-per-trillion/parts-per-billion concentrations (ng-microg/L). Even though some PPCPs are extremely persistent and introduced to the environment in very high quantities and perhaps have already gained ubiquity worldwide, others could act as if they were persistent, simply because their continual infusion into the aquatic environment serves to sustain perpetual life-cycle exposures for aquatic organisms. This review attempts to synthesize the literature on environmental origin, distribution/occurrence, and effects and to catalyze a more focused discussion in the environmental science community.
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TL;DR: In this article, the occurrence of 32 drug residues belonging to different medicinal classes like antiphlogistics, lipid regulators, psychiatric drugs, antiepileptic drugs, betablockers and β 2 -sympathomimetics as well as five metabolites has been investigated in German municipal sewage treatment plant (STP) discharges, river and stream waters.
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TL;DR: The second-order rate constants for oxidation by ozone vary over 10 orders of magnitude, between o 0.1 M 1 s 1 s -1 and about 7 − 10 9 M 1 S -1 s - 1 s − 1 as discussed by the authors.
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