Fate of triclocarban in agricultural soils after biosolid applications
01 Jan 2018-Environmental Science and Pollution Research (Springer Berlin Heidelberg)-Vol. 25, Iss: 1, pp 222-232
TL;DR: Examination of the occurrence of TCC in biosolids and its long-term fate in biosolid-treated soils shows its persistence in soils and build-up upon multiple biosolid applications.
Abstract: Triclocarban [N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl) urea] (TCC) is an antimicrobial agent utilized in a variety of consumer products. It is commonly released into domestic wastewaters and upon treatment, it is known to accumulate in biosolids. This study examines the occurrence of TCC in biosolids and its long-term fate in biosolid-treated soils. TCC levels in the biosolids from a large waste water treatment plant (WWTP) over 2 years showed little variability at 18,800 ± 700 ng g−1 dry wt. (mean ± SEM). Surface soil samples (top 10 cm) were collected from 26 commercial farms located in northern VA, US that had received biosolid applications from the WWTP. Samples were grouped as farms receiving no biosolids, farms with a single biosolid application, and those receiving multiple biosolid applications from 1992 to 2006. Our results illustrate that TCC soil residues remained years after biosolid application. The two most important parameters controlling TCC topsoil concentrations were the biosolid application rate and the period since the last application. No TCC removal was observed in farms where the time since biosolid application was between 7 and 9 months. TCC concentration analyzed 7 and 8 years after biosolid applications were 45.8 ± 6.1 and 72.4 ± 15.3 ng g−1 dry wt., respectively, showing its persistence in soils and build-up upon multiple biosolid applications. A soil TCC half-life of 287.5 ± 45.5 days was estimated.
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TL;DR: The biodegradation of TCC either with microbial community or pure culture is feasible but efficient bacterial degraders and the molecular mechanism of degradation need to be further explored.
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TL;DR: Investigating the impact of high precipitation and ambient temperature on the distribution of ECs in surface water samples from Mid-Atlantic region indicates potential decline of water quality after extreme weather events which may have implications for water source management under changing climate.
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TL;DR: The occurrence and fate of two of the most common legacy antimicrobials, triclosan and triclocarban, and their metabolites/byproducts during wastewater and sludge treatment and their potential impacts on the environment are explored.
Abstract: Antimicrobial compounds are used in a broad range of personal care, consumer and healthcare products and are frequently encountered in modern life. The use of these compounds is being reexamined as their safety, effectiveness and necessity are increasingly being questioned by regulators and consumers alike. Wastewater often contains significant amounts of these chemicals, much of which ends up being released into the environment as existing wastewater and sludge treatment processes are simply not designed to treat many of these contaminants. Furthermore, many biotic and abiotic processes during wastewater treatment can generate significant quantities of potentially toxic and persistent antimicrobial metabolites and byproducts, many of which may be even more concerning than their parent antimicrobials. This review article explores the occurrence and fate of two of the most common legacy antimicrobials, triclosan and triclocarban, their metabolites/byproducts during wastewater and sludge treatment and their potential impacts on the environment. This article also explores the fate and transformation of emerging alternative antimicrobials and addresses some of the growing concerns regarding these compounds. This is becoming increasingly important as consumers and regulators alike shift away from legacy antimicrobials to alternative chemicals which may have similar environmental and human health concerns.
15 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors simulated the nitrification process using benchtop bioreactors to gain insight into the fate of the antimicrobials triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC), as well their transformation products, during wastewater treatment.
Abstract: The nitrification process was simulated using benchtop bioreactors to gain insight into the fate of the antimicrobials triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC), as well their transformation products, during wastewater treatment. Currently, little information exists on the impact of nitrification treatment on concentrations of TCC, TCC degradation products, and TCS degradation products. Reactors were run using samples collected from a large municipal wastewater treatment plant at two pH ranges (6.5–7.5 and 8.5–9.5) for 171 h to simulate an extended hydraulic retention time (HRT). TCS was degraded under both pH conditions, with a 28.5% overall reduction in solids samples when the pH range was 6.5–7.5 and an overall reduction of 83.2% in solids samples when the pH ranged 8.5–9.5. Methyltriclosan (MeTCS) was formed in solids samples during both treatment conditions. MeTCS formed the most rapidly during the first 25 h of treatment at pH 8.5–9.5. Levels of 2,4-dichlorophenol, a TCS photolysis product, and TCC did not change over the 171 h treatment period, indicating that nitrification is not an effective treatment for reduction of these compounds. Three TCC dechlorination products and triclosan-O-sulfate were not observed at or above the limit of quantitation in any bioreactor samples.
14 citations
References
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors performed quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses that suggested a propensity of TCC to persist in various environmental compartments with predicted half-lives ranging from 0.75 days in air to 540 days in sediment.
Abstract: Triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS) are antimicrobial additives in personal care products. Whereas TCS has been studied extensively, the environmental fate of TCC remains largely unknown. To address this data gap, we performed quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses that suggested a propensity of TCC to persist in various environmental compartments with predicted half-lives ranging from 0.75 days in air to 540 days in sediment. Moreover, concentrations of both antimicrobials were measured in 42 environmental samples from the Greater Baltimore region using a combination of solid-phase extraction, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, and isotope dilution. The co-occurrence of TCC and TCS was observed, owing to similar properties, usage, disposal, and environmental half-lives. A linear empirical correlation (R2 = 0.9882) fit the log-log-transformed data from diverse aquatic media and spanned 5 orders of magnitude in concentration. Occurrences of TCC predicted for 85 U.S. streams were statistically indistinguishable from experimental regional data (alpha < or = 0.05). Annual loading of antimicrobials to water resources probably is dominated by activated sludge treatment plants (39-67%), followed by trickling filters (31-54%) and combined and sanitary sewer overflows (2-7% and <0.2%, respectively). Study results suggest that TCC is a previously unrecognized contaminant of U.S. water resources nationwide, likely ranking in the top 10 in occurrence rate and in the top 20 in maximum concentration among 96 organic pollutants considered. The magnitude and frequency of TCC contamination (regional, 6750 ng/L, 68%; predicted nationwide for 1999--2000, 1150 ng/L, 60%) were markedly higher than non-peer-reviewed numbers (240 ng/L, 30%, U.S.) currently used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for evaluating TCC's ecological and human health risks.
564 citations
"Fate of triclocarban in agricultura..." refers background in this paper
...Due to TCC’s low solubility (0.65–1.55 mg l−1 at 25 °C) and high octanol-water partitioning coefficient (log Kow = 4.9) (Halden and Paull 2005), significant amounts partition onto solids in the wastewater treatment process (Heidler et al. 2006; Lozano et al. 2013)....
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...Recent studies have illustrated that over 65% remains through the treatment process and most accumulates in the solids (Halden and Paull 2005; Heidler et al. 2006; Coogan et al. 2007)....
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...9) (Halden and Paull 2005), significant amounts partition onto solids in the wastewater treatment process (Heidler et al....
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TL;DR: A comprehensive review with 108 references referring to the distribution, source, accumulation, transformation, types and toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) is presented.
471 citations
"Fate of triclocarban in agricultura..." refers background in this paper
...Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment can be transported at low concentrations over long distances in the atmosphere; the result is widespread distribution of POPs across the globe, including regions where they have never been used (El-Shahawi et al. 2010)....
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TL;DR: Residue analysis of filamentous algal species typically occurring in receiving streams below WWTP discharges is a readily obtained indicator of the relative bioaccumulative potential of these trace contaminants.
398 citations
"Fate of triclocarban in agricultura..." refers background in this paper
...Recent studies have illustrated that over 65% remains through the treatment process and most accumulates in the solids (Halden and Paull 2005; Heidler et al. 2006; Coogan et al. 2007)....
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...Furthermore, TCC has been found to accumulate in aquatic organisms like algae (Coogan et al. 2007) and in humans (Ye et al. 2011; Zhou et al. 2012; Asimakopoulos et al. 2014; Pycke et al. 2014) and has been linked to endocrine and carcinogenic effects (Lawrence et al. 2009; Hinther et al. 2011;…...
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TL;DR: Data from two different harvests suggest that the uptake from soil to root and translocation from root to leaf may be rate limited for triclosan and triclocarban and metabolism may occur within the plant for carbamazepine.
Abstract: Many pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are commonly found in biosolids and effluents from wastewater treatment plants. Land application of these biosolids and the reclamation of treated wastewater can transfer those PPCPs into the terrestrial and aquatic environments, giving rise to potential accumulation in plants. In this work, a greenhouse experiment was used to study the uptake of three pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, diphenhydramine, and fluoxetine) and two personal care products (triclosan and triclocarban) by an agriculturally important species, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Two treatments simulating biosolids application and wastewater irrigation were investigated. After growing for 60 and 110 days, plant tissues and soils were analyzed for target compounds. Carbamazepine, triclosan, and triclocarban were found to be concentrated in root tissues and translocated into above ground parts including beans, whereas accumulation and translocation for diphenhydramine and fluoxetine w...
367 citations
TL;DR: This study documents that when AWls are present in source materials that are land applied, such as biosolids and swine manure, AWls can be transferred to earthworms.
Abstract: Analysis of earthworms offers potential for assessing the transfer of organic anthropogenic waste indicators (AWIs) derived from land-applied biosolid or manure to biota. Earthworms and soil samples were collected from three Midwest agricultural fields to measure the presence and potential for transfer of 77 AWIs from land-applied biosolids and livestock manure to earthworms. The sites consisted of a soybean field with no amendments of human or livestock waste (Site 1), a soybean field amended with biosolids from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (Site 2), and a cornfield amended with swine manure (Site 3). The biosolid applied to Site 2 contained a diverse composition of 28 AWls, reflecting the presence of human-use compounds. The swine manure contained 12 AWls, and was dominated by biogenic sterols. Soil and earthworm samples were collected in the spring (about30 days after soil amendment) and fall (140-155 days after soil amendment) at all field sites. Soils from Site 1 contained 21 AWIs and soil from Sites 2 and 3 contained 19 AWls. The AWI profiles at Sites 2 and 3 generally reflected the relative composition of AWls present in waste material applied. There were 20 AWls detected in earthworms from Site 1 (three compounds exceeding concentrations of 1000 microg/kg), 25 AWls in earthworms from Site 2 (seven compounds exceeding concentrations of 1000 microg/ kg), and 21 AWls in earthworms from Site 3 (five compounds exceeding concentrations of 1000 microg/kg). A number of compounds thatwere present in the earthworm tissue were at concentrations less than reporting levels in the corresponding soil samples. The AWIs detected in earthworm tissue from the three field sites included pharmaceuticals, synthetic fragrances, detergent metabolites, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), biogenic sterols, disinfectants, and pesticides, reflecting a wide range of physicochemical properties. For those contaminants detected in earthworm tissue and soil, bioaccumulation factors (BAF) ranged from 0.05 (galaxolide) to 27 (triclosan). This study documents that when AWls are present in source materials that are land applied, such as biosolids and swine manure, AWls can be transferred to earthworms.
346 citations
"Fate of triclocarban in agricultura..." refers background in this paper
...…have shown that elevated TCC levels in agricultural soils potentially cause risks to terrestrial ecosystems through bioaccumulation in earthworms (Kinney et al. 2008; Higgins et al. 2009; Snyder et al. 2011; Pannu et al. 2012; Macherius et al. 2014), plant uptake through the root and…...
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...(Kinney et al. 2008; Higgins et al. 2009; Snyder et al. 2011; Pannu et al. 2012; Macherius et al. 2014), plant uptake through the root and translocation into above-ground seg-...
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