Fatty acid composition of phospholipids from platelets and erythrocytes in multiple sclerosis
01 Aug 1970-Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry (BMJ Group)-Vol. 33, Iss: 4, pp 506-510
TL;DR: The relative level of linoleate, expressed as a percentage of the five main fatty acids, was found to be significantly lower in the multiple sclerosis patients than in healthy individuals, both in the red cells and platelets.
Abstract: The fatty acid composition of the phospholipids of red blood cells and blood platelets has been investigated in multiple sclerosis patients and in normal individuals. The variation in the platelet phospholipid fatty acid pattern in normals has been measured for the first time and has been shown to be small. The relative level of linoleate, expressed as a percentage of the five main fatty acids, was found to be significantly lower in the multiple sclerosis patients than in healthy individuals, both in the red cells and platelets. A highly significant correlation was found between serum linoleate and both platelet and red cell linoleate.
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TL;DR: Relapses tended to be less frequent and be significantly less severe and of shorter duration in the linoleate-supplemented group than in those receiving the oleate mixture, but clear evidence that treatment affected the overall rate of clinical deterioration was not obtained.
Abstract: Seventy-five patients in London and Belfast with multiple sclerosis were given daily supplements of a vegetable oil mixture containing either linoleate or oleate for two years in a double-blind control trial Relapses tended to be less frequent and were significantly less severe and of shorter duration in the linoleate-supplemented group than in those receiving the oleate mixture, but clear evidence that treatment affected the overall rate of clinical deterioration was not obtained
190 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that fish oil supplementation given together with vitamins and dietary advice can improve clinical outcome in patients with newly diagnosed MS.
Abstract: Objective - To investigate whether supplementation with fish oil given together with dietary advice and vitamin supplementation influenced the clinical outcome in newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Material and methods - Sixteen consecutive, newly diagnosed patients with multiple sclerosis were recruited to an open intervention study. They were given dietary advice and supplemented with 0.9 g/day of long-chain marine fatty acids and vitamins. The patients were followed for 2 years with respect to dietary habits, blood parameters and neurological assessment including exacerbation rate. Results - There was a significant reduction in the mean annual exacerbation rate and the mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) as compared to pre-study values. The plasma total phospholipid n-3 fatty acids increased and n-6 fatty acids decreased significantly. Conclusions - The results suggest that fish oil supplementation given together with vitamins and dietary advice can improve clinical outcome in patients with newly diagnosed MS.
170 citations
TL;DR: There was a trend in favour of the group treated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in all parameters examined, but there was no significant difference at the usual 95% confidence limits.
Abstract: A trial of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of multiple sclerosis has been conducted over a 5 year period. Ambulant patients (312) with acute remitting disease were randomly allocated to treatment or placebo. Both groups were given dietary advice to increase the intake of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids and the treatment group in addition received capsules containing n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Analysis of clinical outcome at the end of 2 years of treatment was made in terms of the duration, frequency and severity of relapses and the number of patients who had improved or remained unchanged. The results showed no significant difference at the usual 95% confidence limits but there was a trend in favour of the group treated with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in all parameters examined.
164 citations
TL;DR: There was no significant correlation between the severity or duration of the disease nor the period since the last relapse and either LPx products of CP suggesting that the changes observed in this work are not simply the direct result of demyelination and tissue damage.
Abstract: Lipid peroxidation (LPx) products were measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TS) and lipid-soluble fluorescent pigments (FP) in both plasma and CSF from MS patients and controls. Although no significant changes were found in MS plasma, we report here for the first time increases in both TS and FP in MS CSF (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively, compared with patients with other neurological diseases), indicating that increased LPx in CNS may be a feature of MS. Levels of transferrin were normal but caeruloplasmin (CP), a major antioxidant plasma protein, was significantly raised in MS patients (p<0.01) and this may represent an adaptive response to increased oxidative challenge. Neither of these proteins was detectable in CSF using radial immunodiffusion. There was no significant correlation between the severity or duration of the disease nor the period since the last relapse and either LPx products of CP suggesting that the changes observed in this work are not simply the direct result of demyelination and tissue damage.
162 citations
TL;DR: Results show that oral feeding of gamma‐linolenic acid‐rich plant lipid markedly affects the disease course of acute EAE and CREAE and is associated with an increase in cell membrane long chain omega‐6 fatty acids, production of PGE2 and gene transcription and, on activation, secretion of TGF‐β1.
Abstract: Polyunsaturated fatty acids are known to affect the immune response and administration of the omega-6 fatty acid linoleic acid has been reported to be beneficial in multiple sclerosis (MS) and EAE In this study we have investigated the effects of oral feeding of plant lipid rich in the omega-6 fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid from Borago officinalis on acute and relapse disease and the immune response in EAE using SJL mice EAE was induced by an encephalitogenic peptide (92-106) of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), and mice were fed the plant lipid daily from 7 days after EAE induction to assess the effects on acute disease and from day 25 to assess the effects on disease relapse The clinical incidence and histological manifestations of acute EAE, and the clinical relapse phase of chronic relapsing EAE (CREAE) were markedly inhibited by omega-6 fatty acid feeding A significant increase in the production of TGF-beta1 in response to concanavalin A (Con A) at day 13 and a significant increase in TGF-beta1 and PGE2 to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92-106) at day 21 were detected in spleen mononuclear cells from fatty acid-fed mice There was no difference in interferon-gamma, IL-4 and IL-2 production between the fatty acid-fed and control groups Significantly higher TGF-beta mRNA expression was found in the spleens of omega-6 fatty acid-fed mice at day 21 There were no differences in spleen cell proliferative response to Con A, PPD and MOG peptide (92-106) Biochemical analysis of spleen cell membrane fatty acids revealed significant increases in the eicosanoid precursor fatty acids dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and arachidonic acid in response to gamma-linolenic acid feeding, indicating rapid metabolism to longer chain omega-6 fatty acids These results show that oral feeding of gamma-linolenic acid-rich plant lipid markedly affects the disease course of acute EAE and CREAE and is associated with an increase in cell membrane long chain omega-6 fatty acids, production of PGE2 and gene transcription and, on activation, secretion of TGF-beta1
90 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors described a simplified version of the method and reported the results of a study of its application to different tissues, including the efficiency of the washing procedure in terms of the removal from tissue lipides of some non-lipide substances of special biochemical interest.
59,550 citations
TL;DR: The method reported here has the advantage of improved separations by two-dimensionM TLC, direct aspiration of spots by suction, and phosphorus analysis without pr ior elution.
Abstract: Quantitative Analysis of Phospholipids by Thin-Layer Chromatographyand Phosphorus Analysis of Spots p ROCEDURES FOR ANALYSIS of phospholipid composition by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and phospho~nts analysis have been reported from a number of laboratories. These procedures usually depend upon one-dimensional TLC and elution of spots before analysis. The method reported here has the advantage of improved separations by two-dimensionM TLC, direct aspiration of spots by suction, and phosphorus analysis without pr ior elution. Our procedure depends upon two-dimensional TLC with the solvent pairs 1) chloroform/ methanol/water 65/25/4 a~ld n-butanol/acetic acid/water 60/20/20; and 2) chloroform/ methanol/2S% aqueous ammonia 65/35/5 followed by chloroform/acetone/methanol/acetic acid/water 5/271/1/0.5. The adsorbent composed of silica gel plain/magnesium silicate 9/1 (1) after spreading with a conventional Desaga spreader (0.25 nnn layer) is heat activated for 20 rain at 120C, cooled for 30 rain, spotted, and ehromatograms developed in chambers lined with solvent-saturated paper (2). Spots are detected by spraying with a 0.6% solution of potassium dichromate in 55% (by wt) sulfuric acid followed by heating for 30 rain at 180C in a forced draf t oven or by exposure to iodine vapors. Af ter development, spots are circled and lettered for identification and several blank areas corresponding in size to the sample spots are marked off. A typical ehromatogram of each series is photographed (Polaroid camera) and the spots recovered by aspiration. Aspirat ion of the spots directly into 30 ml Xjeldahl digestion flasks is accomplished by fitting a rubber stopper with two plastic tubes removed from plastic wash bottles. One tube with a pointed end serves as the intake and the other tube for attachment to a water pump for suction. Adsorbent is prevented from passing out of the digestion flask during aspiration by adding 0.9 ml of 72% perehlorie acid (used subsequently for digestion) to the flask to act as a liquid t rap by moistening the lower bulb portion of the flask and by insertion of a 1 cm square of \"Kimwipe\" or similar light weight paper into the end of the suction tube to serve as a filter. After aspiration, the plastic tubes are tapped to remove any dry powder and the paper filter pushed with a wire plunger into the flask. Digestion of the flask contents is carried out on an electrically heated Kjeldahl rack with water-pump suction to remove any escaping fumes. The heaters are adjusted to give gentle refluxing so that digestion is complete in about 20 rain. After digestion, the sides of the flask are rinsed with 5 ml of distilled water, 1 ml of 2.5% ammonium molybdate solution is added, the flask swirled for mixing, 1 ml of 10% ascorbic acid solution is added, and finally 2 nfl of distilled water are added. The solution is transferred to a centrifuge tube~ heated in a boiling water bath for 5 rain, cooled, and suspended adsorbent removed by eentrifugation for 5-10 rain. Samples and blanks are transferred to euvettes and the optical density determined at 820 m/x af ter zero adjustment with water. Sensitivity can be increased by using a 10 nfl digestion flask and one half of the specified amounts of reagents. Glassware should be acid eleaned. Corrected optical densities are determined by subtraction of the reading obtained from a blank area corresponding in size to that of the sample. The values are then converted to tLg of phosphorus using a factor derived from a standard curve prepared using Na~HPO~. The factor in our laboratories is 11.0 for standard amounts and twice that for half amounts of reagents. Molar ratios of phospholipids are obtained by expression of results as percent of the total phosphorus in the sample. Deterruination of the total phosphorus is conveniently accomplished by spotting 50-100 t~g of total sample in a blank area (upper right corner) after development with both solvents. The total sample is then charred, etc., in the same manner as the samples. For expression of results as percent of the total lipid, phosphorus values for brain lipids are multiplied by the following' factors: phosphatidyl bmsitol, 31.4; phosphatidyl serine, 26.2; lecithin and phosphatidyl ethanolamine, 25.4 ; phosphatidic acid, 25.0; sphingomyelin, 24.8; and cardiolipin, 24.4 Aninml tissue lipid extracts are spotted at levels of 200-1000 ~g for determinations and at least four ehromatograms are developed with each of the two-dimensional systems. Average values for the major lipid classes (lecithin, sphingomyelin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine) are thus obtained from eight determinations. Usually spots from two eh roma tog ra ms are pooled for minor components. The values obtained from a normal adult human brain by the present procedure and the
1,513 citations
TL;DR: Human red cell lipids have been studied in a series of normal individuals and evidence is presented that the total amount of lipid phosphorus per average red cell is 1.40 X lo-" mg and that most extraction procedures fail to extract 870 or more of red cell phospholipid.
465 citations
TL;DR: The phospholipid composition of platelets and subcellular fractions was found to differ only in that granules had a lower percentage of lecithin, but the basic lipid composition of the granules, membranes, and platelets was similar.
321 citations
TL;DR: The production in the laboratory of a fluid which simulates the “toxic” or lethal fluid of strangulating intestinal obstruction has been accomplished and the mechanism of death appears to be identical with that which follows intraperitoneal injection of raw strangulation fluid.
Abstract: SummaryThe production in the laboratory of a fluid which simulates the “toxic” or lethal fluid of strangulating intestinal obstruction has been accomplished. This fluid requires a hemoglobin concen...
309 citations