Fault Detection, Isolation, and Service Restoration in Distribution Systems: State-of-the-Art and Future Trends
TL;DR: The conceptual aspects, as well as recent developments in fault detection, isolation, and service restoration (FDIR) following an outage in an electric distribution system are surveyed.
Abstract: This paper surveys the conceptual aspects, as well as recent developments in fault detection, isolation, and service restoration (FDIR) following an outage in an electric distribution system. This paper starts with a discussion of the rationale for FDIR, and then investigates different areas of the FDIR problem. Recently reported approaches are compared and related to discussions on current practices. This paper then addresses some of the often-cited associated technical, environmental, and economic challenges of implementing self-healing for the distribution grid. The review concludes by pointing toward the need and directions for future research.
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TL;DR: This survey provides a comprehensive discussion of all aspects of MAS, starting from definitions, features, applications, challenges, and communications to evaluation, and a classification on MAS applications and challenges is provided.
Abstract: Multi-agent systems (MASs) have received tremendous attention from scholars in different disciplines, including computer science and civil engineering, as a means to solve complex problems by subdividing them into smaller tasks. The individual tasks are allocated to autonomous entities, known as agents. Each agent decides on a proper action to solve the task using multiple inputs, e.g., history of actions, interactions with its neighboring agents, and its goal. The MAS has found multiple applications, including modeling complex systems, smart grids, and computer networks. Despite their wide applicability, there are still a number of challenges faced by MAS, including coordination between agents, security, and task allocation. This survey provides a comprehensive discussion of all aspects of MAS, starting from definitions, features, applications, challenges, and communications to evaluation. A classification on MAS applications and challenges is provided along with references for further studies. We expect this paper to serve as an insightful and comprehensive resource on the MAS for researchers and practitioners in the area.
290 citations
Cites background from "Fault Detection, Isolation, and Ser..."
...The current literature in FDI suffers from the following limitations [6], [132], [133]: • The focus is mainly on homogeneous agents while in most applications agents are heterogeneous....
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...A complete survey on FDI can be found in [6]....
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...[6] have focused on the fault detection challenge while Shamshirband et al....
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TL;DR: A survey of trends and methodologies of fault tolerant cooperative control in multiagent systems finds that multiple agents can provide much more redundancy than a single agent system, thereby making the fault tolerance cooperative control design more flexible.
Abstract: Fault-tolerant cooperative control of multiagent systems has attracted ever-increasing attention in recent years due to the fact that multiple agents can provide much more redundancy than a single agent system, thereby making the fault tolerant cooperative control design more flexible. However, multiagent systems may bring severe challenges that do not exist in single-agent systems. This article aims at presenting a survey of trends and methodologies of fault tolerant cooperative control in multiagent systems. Depending on the countermeasure against the faults, the existing fault-tolerant cooperative control methodologies are first classified into four categories: Individual methodologies, cooperative methodologies, topology reconfiguration-based methodologies, and composition reconfiguration-based methodologies. Then the characteristics and implementation schemes of four categories of methodologies are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the applicability of fault tolerant cooperative control in smart grids is outlined. Finally, several challenging issues are envisioned for future research.
96 citations
Cites background from "Fault Detection, Isolation, and Ser..."
...grids [24]–[26] (which will be discussed later)....
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...and delivery of power and its self-healing ability [24]–[26]....
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TL;DR: The requirements of smart energy systems are considered and appropriate blockchain technology solutions for smart energy applications are identified, which can help in the development of flexible blockchain platforms for smartEnergy systems.
Abstract: In this article, we discuss the integration of the blockchain into smart energy systems. We present various blockchain technology solutions, review important blockchain platforms, and describe several block-chain-based smart energy projects in different domains. The majority of blockchain platforms with embedded combination of blockchain technology solutions are computing- and resource-intensive and, hence, are not entirely suitable for smart energy applications. We consider the requirements of smart energy systems and accordingly identify appropriate blockchain technology solutions for smart energy applications. Our analysis can help in the development of flexible blockchain platforms for smart energy systems.
94 citations
Cites background from "Fault Detection, Isolation, and Ser..."
...In power grids, IoT sensors in the transmission and distribution systems facilitate monitoring of grid parameters to automate fault diagnosis and to maintain power-balance for grid stability [34]....
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TL;DR: Experimental results over real data from a 9.54 kWp grid-connected plant in Algiers, show the superior detection efficiency of the proposed approach compared with other binary clustering schemes (i.e., K-means, Birch, mean-shift, expectation–maximization, and agglomerative clustering).
87 citations
TL;DR: A DSR modeling framework is introduced, which can generate optimal switching sequences and estimated time of restoration in the presence of remotely controllable switches, manually operated switches, and dispatchable DGs.
Abstract: Large-scale blackouts and extreme weather events in recent decades raise the concern for improving the resilience of electric power infrastructures. Distribution service restoration (DSR), a fundamental application in outage management systems, provides restoration solutions for system operators when power outages happen. As distribution generators (DGs) and remotely controllable devices are increasingly installed in distribution systems, an advanced DSR framework is needed to perform optimally coordinated restoration that can achieve maximal restoration performance. This paper introduces a DSR modeling framework, which can generate optimal switching sequences and estimated time of restoration in the presence of remotely controllable switches, manually operated switches, and dispatchable DGs. Two mathematical models, a variable time step model and a fixed time step model, are presented and compared. The proposed models are formulated as a mixed-integer linear programming model, and their effectiveness is evaluated via the IEEE 123 node test feeder.
78 citations
Cites methods from "Fault Detection, Isolation, and Ser..."
...After outages have been detected and isolated, the distribution service restoration (DSR) will be performed to restore the out-of-service loads as soon as possible [6]....
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References
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Book•
01 Jan 2001TL;DR: Intended for use in a senior/graduate level distributed systems course or by professionals, this text systematically shows how distributed systems are designed and implemented in real systems.
Abstract: From the Publisher:
Andrew Tanenbaum and Maarten van Steen cover the principles, advanced concepts, and technologies of distributed systems in detail, including: communication, replication, fault tolerance, and security. Intended for use in a senior/graduate level distributed systems course or by professionals, this text systematically shows how distributed systems are designed and implemented in real systems. Written in the superb writing style of other Tanenbaum books, the material also features unique accessibility and a wide variety of real-world examples and case studies, such as NFS v4, CORBA, DOM, Jini, and the World Wide Web.
FEATURES
Detailed coverage of seven key principles.
An introductory chapter followed by a chapter devoted to each key principle: communication, processes, naming, synchronization, consistency and replication, fault tolerance, and security, including unique comprehensive coverage of middleware models.
Four chapters devoted to state-of-the-art real-world examples of middleware. Covers object-based systems, document-based systems, distributed file systems, and coordination-based systems including CORBA, DCOM, Globe, NFS v4, Coda, the World Wide Web, and Jini.
Excellent coverage of timely, advanced, distributed systems topics: Security, payment systems, recent Internet and Web protocols, scalability, and caching and replication.
NEW-The Prentice Hall Companion Website for this book contains PowerPoint slides, figures in various file formats, and other teaching aids, and a link to the author's Web site.
2,011 citations
"Fault Detection, Isolation, and Ser..." refers background or methods in this paper
...Therefore, distributed algorithms are superior to centralized algorithms in the following ways: Performance/cost ratio: using many inexpensive machines provides a better performance/cost ratio than using one expensive super-machine [33]....
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...distributed algorithms are as follows [33]: No processor has all the information about the whole...
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...Security of data in distributed algorithms is often a problem [33]....
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TL;DR: The first part of a two-part paper that has arisen from the work of the IEEE Power Engineering Society's Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) Working Group as mentioned in this paper examines the potential value of MAS technology to the power industry.
Abstract: This is the first part of a two-part paper that has arisen from the work of the IEEE Power Engineering Society's Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) Working Group. Part I of this paper examines the potential value of MAS technology to the power industry. In terms of contribution, it describes fundamental concepts and approaches within the field of multi-agent systems that are appropriate to power engineering applications. As well as presenting a comprehensive review of the meaningful power engineering applications for which MAS are being investigated, it also defines the technical issues which must be addressed in order to accelerate and facilitate the uptake of the technology within the power and energy sector. Part II of this paper explores the decisions inherent in engineering multi-agent systems for applications in the power and energy sector and offers guidance and recommendations on how MAS can be designed and implemented.
1,063 citations
TL;DR: Several system issues which may be encountered as DR penetrates into distribution systems are discussed, including vulnerability and overvoltages due to islanding and coordination with reclosing, system restoration and network issues.
Abstract: Because traditional electric power distribution systems have been designed assuming the primary substation is the sole source of power and short-circuit capacity, DR interconnection results in operating situations that do not occur in a conventional system. This paper discusses several system issues which may be encountered as DR penetrates into distribution systems. The voltage issues covered are the DR impact on system voltage, interaction of DR and capacitor operations, and interaction of DR and voltage regulator and LTC operations. Protection issues include fuse coordination, feeding faults after utility protection opens, impact of DR on interrupting rating of devices, faults on adjacent feeders, fault detection, ground source impacts, single phase interruption on three phase line, recloser coordination and conductor burndown. Loss of power grid is also discussed, including vulnerability and overvoltages due to islanding and coordination with reclosing. Also covered separately are system restoration and network issues.
939 citations
"Fault Detection, Isolation, and Ser..." refers background in this paper
...The next subsections explore how renewable resources penetration in distribution networks affects SR and protection system operation [90]....
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...Furthermore, due to the high contribution of load currents from the DG units, it is very hard for utility’s protection relays to detect and recognize high-impedance faults [90], [93]....
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TL;DR: The problem of interoperability between different multi-agent systems and proposes how this may be tackled and the various options available are described and recommendations on best practice are made.
Abstract: This is the second part of a two-part paper that has arisen from the work of the IEEE Power Engineering Society's Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) Working Group. Part I of this paper examined the potential value of MAS technology to the power industry, described fundamental concepts and approaches within the field of multi-agent systems that are appropriate to power engineering applications, and presented a comprehensive review of the power engineering applications for which MAS are being investigated. It also defined the technical issues which must be addressed in order to accelerate and facilitate the uptake of the technology within the power and energy sector. Part II of this paper explores the decisions inherent in engineering multi-agent systems for applications in the power and energy sector and offers guidance and recommendations on how MAS can be designed and implemented. Given the significant and growing interest in this field, it is imperative that the power engineering community considers the standards, tools, supporting technologies, and design methodologies available to those wishing to implement a MAS solution for a power engineering problem. This paper describes the various options available and makes recommendations on best practice. It also describes the problem of interoperability between different multi-agent systems and proposes how this may be tackled.
523 citations
TL;DR: A neural network (NN)-based method for the construction of prediction intervals (PIs) and a new problem formulation is proposed, which translates the primary multiobjectives problem into a constrained single-objective problem.
Abstract: Electrical power systems are evolving from today's centralized bulk systems to more decentralized systems. Penetrations of renewable energies, such as wind and solar power, significantly increase the level of uncertainty in power systems. Accurate load forecasting becomes more complex, yet more important for management of power systems. Traditional methods for generating point forecasts of load demands cannot properly handle uncertainties in system operations. To quantify potential uncertainties associated with forecasts, this paper implements a neural network (NN)-based method for the construction of prediction intervals (PIs). A newly introduced method, called lower upper bound estimation (LUBE), is applied and extended to develop PIs using NN models. A new problem formulation is proposed, which translates the primary multiobjective problem into a constrained single-objective problem. Compared with the cost function, this new formulation is closer to the primary problem and has fewer parameters. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) integrated with the mutation operator is used to solve the problem. Electrical demands from Singapore and New South Wales (Australia), as well as wind power generation from Capital Wind Farm, are used to validate the PSO-based LUBE method. Comparative results show that the proposed method can construct higher quality PIs for load and wind power generation forecasts in a short time.
506 citations
"Fault Detection, Isolation, and Ser..." refers background in this paper
...to social considerations, economic factors, and weather variations [139]....
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